[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-gotthold-ephraim-lessing":100,"$fPsp67LTroIIOT7jzBrJoD9FlMdKVOCUA9otRuMjAFO8":202},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":138,"homeIn":144,"works":145,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":171},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1191,"gotthold-ephraim-lessing","Gotthold Ephraim Lessing","Dramatist and critic who argued that revealed religion is a stage in the education of humanity, and that the truth of a faith shows in the lives it produces.","Gotthold Ephraim Lessing was the first significant German writer to live by his pen, a dramatist, a critic, and finally a librarian at Wolfenbüttel, where he found the manuscript that occupied his last years. He is the point at which German letters became a European rather than a provincial affair.\n\nThe Laocoön of 1766 is a founding text of modern aesthetics. It argues that poetry and the visual arts have different capacities because they work in different dimensions — painting is spatial and shows a single moment, poetry is temporal and unfolds — and that the rules for each must follow from this rather than from the doctrine that a poem is like a picture. The Hamburg Dramaturgy attacked French neoclassical rules in the theatre and read Aristotle against them in favour of Shakespeare, which was decisive for the generation that followed.\n\nThe controversy that made his reputation dangerous came from publishing extracts of Reimarus's manuscript, which treated the Gospels as historically unreliable and Jesus as a failed political messiah. Lessing published them anonymously as the Wolfenbüttel Fragments and, when the orthodox counter-attacked, replied in a series of pamphlets that state his own position. The accidental truths of history, he wrote, can never become the proof of necessary truths of reason — there is an ugly broad ditch between the two that he cannot cross, however often he tries. A religion cannot be established by evidence about events; its warrant must lie elsewhere.\n\nWhere it lies is set out in The Education of the Human Race. Revelation gives the race what education gives the individual: truths it could eventually have reached by reason, delivered earlier and in a form it can use. The Old Testament suited a childhood, the New a youth, and a third age is coming in which the good will be done because it is good and not for reward. Religions are stages, and the later does not simply refute the earlier.\n\nNathan the Wise dramatises the conclusion. Its parable of three indistinguishable rings, given by a father to three sons, leaves the question of which faith is true undecidable and directs each brother to prove his ring by how he lives. Jacobi's claim after his death that Lessing had confessed himself a Spinozist set off the pantheism controversy that shaped German idealism.",1729,1781,"German","writer","Enlightenment",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},54,"Aesthetic Philosophy","aesthetic-philosophy","The tradition that takes art and aesthetic experience seriously as central to philosophical reflection rather than as a peripheral subject.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},44,"Enlightenment Philosophy","enlightenment-philosophy","The 18th century intellectual movement committed to reason, individual rights, equality, and the critical examination of inherited authority.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},158,"Political Theology","political-theology","The tradition of reflecting systematically on the relationship between religious concepts and political authority, and on how theological categories underlie ostensibly secular political thought.",[135],{"source_tradition_id":130,"target_tradition_id":124,"relation_type":136,"description":137},"reacts_against","De Maistre and Dostoevsky denied that a secular order can generate its own authority, holding that a politics with nothing above it ends in either paralysis or terror.",[139],{"relation_type":140,"traditions":141},"descends_from",{"name":142,"slug":143},"German Idealism","german-idealism",[],[146,153,159,165],{"title":147,"year":148,"year_display":149,"description":150,"kind":151,"sort_order":152},"Nathan the Wise",1779,"1779","The parable of three indistinguishable rings: which faith is true cannot be settled, and each brother must prove his ring by how he lives.","work",1,{"title":154,"year":155,"year_display":156,"description":157,"kind":151,"sort_order":158},"The Education of the Human Race",1780,"1780","Revelation gives the race what education gives a child: truths reason could eventually reach, delivered earlier and in a usable form.",2,{"title":160,"year":161,"year_display":162,"description":163,"kind":151,"sort_order":164},"Laocoön",1766,"1766","Poetry and the visual arts differ because one is temporal and the other spatial; the rules for each must follow from that.",3,{"title":166,"year":167,"year_display":168,"description":169,"kind":151,"sort_order":170},"On the Proof of the Spirit and of Power",1777,"1777","The ugly broad ditch: accidental truths of history can never become the proof of necessary truths of reason.",4,[172,173,177,181,184,187,191,195,199],{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":174,"slug":175,"birth_year":176},"Friedrich Schiller","friedrich-schiller",1759,{"name":178,"slug":179,"birth_year":180},"Samuel Taylor Coleridge","samuel-taylor-coleridge",1772,{"name":182,"slug":183,"birth_year":180},"Friedrich Schlegel","friedrich-schlegel",{"name":185,"slug":186,"birth_year":180},"Novalis","novalis",{"name":188,"slug":189,"birth_year":190},"Friedrich Schelling","friedrich-schelling",1775,{"name":192,"slug":193,"birth_year":194},"Friedrich Nietzsche","friedrich-nietzsche",1844,{"name":196,"slug":197,"birth_year":198},"Roger Scruton","roger-scruton",1944,{"name":200,"slug":201,"birth_year":112},"Czesław Miłosz","czesaw-miosz",{"cards":203,"influenced":210,"shapedBy":214,"outbound":152},[204],{"slug":205,"name":206,"type":207,"strength":208,"description":209},"baruch-spinoza","Baruch Spinoza","influenced","significant","Jacobi's claim after Lessing's death that he had confessed himself a Spinozist set off the pantheism controversy that shaped German idealism.",[211],{"slug":212,"name":213},"immanuel-kant","Immanuel Kant",[]]