[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-gottfried-wilhelm-leibniz":100,"$fhXDHeD2F25UMA58idvWn1qRXhRXnYXYk8feEUsMHmV0":350},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":128,"homeOut":129,"homeIn":135,"works":161,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":186},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1181,"gottfried-wilhelm-leibniz","Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz","Co-inventor of the calculus and the last universal genius, who held that this is the best of all possible worlds and that reality is composed of windowless perceiving substances.","Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invented the calculus independently of Newton and in a better notation, designed a calculating machine that multiplied, worked out binary arithmetic, made contributions to geology, jurisprudence, linguistics, physics and library science, and spent forty years as a court servant to the House of Hanover writing a genealogical history he never finished. He published one book of philosophy in his lifetime. The system has had to be reconstructed from essays, letters and manuscripts, of which the edition is still incomplete three centuries later.\n\nTwo principles organise everything. The principle of contradiction governs necessary truths. The principle of sufficient reason — that nothing is so without a reason why it is so and not otherwise — governs contingent ones, and does most of the work. From it he argues that God, having conceived infinitely many possible worlds, actualised the one with the greatest variety of phenomena produced by the simplest laws. This is the best of all possible worlds, not because it contains no evil, but because any world without those evils would be worse overall. Voltaire's Candide made the doctrine a joke, which it is not: Leibniz's Theodicy is a serious attempt to reconcile evil with omnipotence by distinguishing what God wills from what he permits as a condition of a greater good.\n\nThe metaphysics is stranger. Reality consists of monads — simple, indivisible, immaterial substances, each a perceiving point of view on the whole universe. They have no windows: nothing enters or leaves, and no monad acts on another. What looks like causation is the unfolding of each monad's own nature in a sequence God synchronised at creation, the pre-established harmony, which he offered as a better solution than Malebranche's constant divine intervention. Bodies and space are well-founded appearances arising from relations among monads rather than substances in their own right, and his relational account of space, argued against Newton's absolute space in the correspondence with Clarke, was vindicated two centuries later.\n\nThe New Essays, a chapter-by-chapter reply to Locke's Essay, defends innate ideas as dispositions and coins the distinction that nothing is in the intellect that was not first in the senses — except the intellect itself. Withheld when Locke died, it shaped German philosophy through Wolff and reached Kant.",1646,1716,"German","philosopher","Early Modern",null,[],[115,122],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},34,"Natural Law","natural-law","The tradition that holds there are objective moral and political truths grounded in human nature, accessible to reason, and binding regardless of what particular societies happen to believe.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},159,"Rationalism","rationalism","The philosophical tradition that holds reason rather than sensory experience is the primary source of knowledge and moral truth.",[],[130],{"relation_type":131,"traditions":132},"descends_from",{"name":133,"slug":134},"Ancient Philosophy","ancient-philosophy",[136,140,144,148,152,156],{"relation_type":131,"traditions":137},{"name":138,"slug":139},"Catholic Political Thought","catholic-political-thought",{"relation_type":131,"traditions":141},{"name":142,"slug":143},"Social Contract Theory","social-contract-theory",{"relation_type":131,"traditions":145},{"name":146,"slug":147},"Classical Liberalism","classical-liberalism",{"relation_type":131,"traditions":149},{"name":150,"slug":151},"Conservatism","conservatism",{"relation_type":131,"traditions":153},{"name":154,"slug":155},"Black Political Thought","black-political-thought",{"relation_type":157,"traditions":158},"reacts_against",{"name":159,"slug":160},"Political Realism","political-realism",[162,169,175,181],{"title":163,"year":164,"year_display":165,"description":166,"kind":167,"sort_order":168},"Monadology",1714,"1714","Reality as windowless perceiving substances synchronised by pre-established harmony, with space and bodies as well-founded appearances.","work",1,{"title":170,"year":171,"year_display":172,"description":173,"kind":167,"sort_order":174},"Theodicy",1710,"1710","This is the best of all possible worlds — not because it contains no evil, but because any world lacking those evils would be worse overall.",2,{"title":176,"year":177,"year_display":178,"description":179,"kind":167,"sort_order":180},"New Essays on Human Understanding",1765,"written 1704; published 1765","A chapter-by-chapter reply to Locke defending innate ideas as dispositions: nothing is in the intellect that was not first in the senses, except the intellect itself.",3,{"title":182,"year":108,"year_display":183,"description":184,"kind":167,"sort_order":185},"Correspondence with Clarke","1715-16","The argument against Newton's absolute space, defending a relational account that was vindicated two centuries later.",4,[187,191,195,199,203,207,211,215,219,223,227,230,234,238,242,246,250,254,258,262,266,267,271,275,279,283,287,291,295,299,303,307,311,315,319,323,327,331,335,339,343,347],{"name":188,"slug":189,"birth_year":190},"Aristotle","aristotle",-384,{"name":192,"slug":193,"birth_year":194},"Marcus Tullius Cicero","cicero",-106,{"name":196,"slug":197,"birth_year":198},"Marcus Aurelius","marcus-aurelius",121,{"name":200,"slug":201,"birth_year":202},"John of Salisbury","john-of-salisbury",1120,{"name":204,"slug":205,"birth_year":206},"Averroes","averroes",1126,{"name":208,"slug":209,"birth_year":210},"Maimonides","maimonides",1138,{"name":212,"slug":213,"birth_year":214},"Thomas Aquinas","thomas-aquinas",1225,{"name":216,"slug":217,"birth_year":218},"John Duns Scotus","duns-scotus",1266,{"name":220,"slug":221,"birth_year":222},"Bartolus of Saxoferrato","bartolus-of-saxoferrato",1313,{"name":224,"slug":225,"birth_year":226},"Martin Luther","martin-luther",1483,{"name":228,"slug":229,"birth_year":226},"Francisco de Vitoria","francisco-de-vitoria",{"name":231,"slug":232,"birth_year":233},"John Calvin","john-calvin",1509,{"name":235,"slug":236,"birth_year":237},"Jean Bodin","jean-bodin",1530,{"name":239,"slug":240,"birth_year":241},"Francisco Suárez","francisco-suarez",1548,{"name":243,"slug":244,"birth_year":245},"Richard Hooker","richard-hooker",1554,{"name":247,"slug":248,"birth_year":249},"Hugo Grotius","hugo-grotius",1583,{"name":251,"slug":252,"birth_year":253},"Samuel Rutherford","samuel-rutherford",1600,{"name":255,"slug":256,"birth_year":257},"John Lilburne","john-lilburne",1614,{"name":259,"slug":260,"birth_year":261},"Algernon Sidney","algernon-sidney",1623,{"name":263,"slug":264,"birth_year":265},"Samuel Pufendorf","samuel-pufendorf",1632,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":268,"slug":269,"birth_year":270},"Christian Wolff","christian-wolff",1679,{"name":272,"slug":273,"birth_year":274},"Joseph de Maistre","joseph-de-maistre",1753,{"name":276,"slug":277,"birth_year":278},"Lysander Spooner","lysander-spooner",1808,{"name":280,"slug":281,"birth_year":282},"Abraham Lincoln","abraham-lincoln",1809,{"name":284,"slug":285,"birth_year":286},"Pope Leo XIII","pope-leo-xiii",1810,{"name":288,"slug":289,"birth_year":290},"Frederick Douglass","frederick-douglass",1818,{"name":292,"slug":293,"birth_year":294},"Harriet Tubman","harriet-tubman",1822,{"name":296,"slug":297,"birth_year":298},"Walter Rauschenbusch","walter-rauschenbusch",1861,{"name":300,"slug":301,"birth_year":302},"Mahatma Gandhi","mahatma-gandhi",1869,{"name":304,"slug":305,"birth_year":306},"Eleanor Roosevelt","eleanor-roosevelt",1884,{"name":308,"slug":309,"birth_year":310},"Dorothy Day","dorothy-day",1897,{"name":312,"slug":313,"birth_year":314},"C.S. Lewis","cs-lewis",1898,{"name":316,"slug":317,"birth_year":318},"Rosa Parks","rosa-parks",1913,{"name":320,"slug":321,"birth_year":322},"Russell Kirk","russell-kirk",1918,{"name":324,"slug":325,"birth_year":326},"César Chávez","cesar-chavez",1927,{"name":328,"slug":329,"birth_year":330},"Martin Luther King Jr.","martin-luther-king-jr",1929,{"name":332,"slug":333,"birth_year":334},"Robert George","robert-george",1955,{"name":336,"slug":337,"birth_year":338},"Gary Chartier","gary-chartier",1966,{"name":340,"slug":341,"birth_year":342},"Adrian Vermeule","adrian-vermeule",1968,{"name":344,"slug":345,"birth_year":346},"Ryan T. Anderson","ryan-t-anderson",1981,{"name":348,"slug":349,"birth_year":112},"Harry Jaffa","harry-jaffa",{"cards":351,"influenced":363,"shapedBy":371,"outbound":174},[352,358],{"slug":353,"name":354,"type":355,"strength":356,"description":357},"nicolas-malebranche","Nicolas Malebranche","opposed","significant","Leibniz rejected occasionalism as a perpetual miracle — a God intervening at every moment — and offered pre-established harmony in its place.",{"slug":359,"name":360,"type":361,"strength":356,"description":362},"rene-descartes","René Descartes","influenced","Leibniz worked from and against Descartes throughout, rejecting extension as the essence of body in favour of force, and mind-body interaction in favour of pre-established harmony.",[364,365,368],{"slug":269,"name":268},{"slug":366,"name":367},"immanuel-kant","Immanuel Kant",{"slug":369,"name":370},"john-locke","John Locke",[]]