[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-giles-of-rome":100,"$f_zlKcP40nWDMOm-R-qJeGW1Z1jZlr7AsaSZ8zV5iNiQ":299},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":138,"homeIn":154,"works":163,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":177},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1137,"giles-of-rome","Giles of Rome","Aquinas's student who wrote the most widely read mirror for princes of the Middle Ages, then supplied the papacy with its most extreme claim to power over kings.","Giles of Rome studied under Aquinas in Paris, became the first Augustinian friar to hold a chair of theology there, tutored the future Philip IV of France, and ended as Archbishop of Bourges. The trajectory produced two books that argue in opposite directions, which is why he is worth attention.\n\nDe Regimine Principum, written for his royal pupil around 1280, was the most successful work of political instruction of the Middle Ages: some three hundred manuscripts survive, and it was translated into French, Italian, Spanish, English, Hebrew and Portuguese. It is Aristotle domesticated for a court, working outward from the government of oneself to the government of a household to the government of a kingdom, and it took much of the newly recovered Politics into general circulation. Its assumptions are moderate — kingship is natural, the ruler is bound by the end of the community, tyranny is a corruption — and its influence on the vernacular political vocabulary of late medieval Europe was enormous.\n\nDe Ecclesiastica Potestate, written twenty-two years later in the middle of Boniface VIII's quarrel with the same Philip IV, is a different book. Here Giles argues that all temporal power derives from spiritual power as body from soul, that no lordship or property is legitimate except through the church, and that the pope holds a plenitude of power over all things, temporal jurisdiction included, which he may exercise directly whenever he judges it necessary. It is the most extreme statement of papal monarchy ever produced by a serious theologian, and the bull Unam Sanctam of 1302 draws on it closely.\n\nThe pairing matters because the two books mark out the ground the following century fought over. Marsilius of Padua wrote the Defensor Pacis against precisely this position, and Ockham spent his exile attacking it. The hierocratic case had to be made at full strength before the case against it could be made at all, and Giles made it at full strength.",1243,1316,"Italian","theologian","Medieval",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},36,"Catholic Political Thought","catholic-political-thought","The tradition of political reflection within the Catholic intellectual tradition, from the early church fathers through the medieval scholastics to contemporary Catholic social teaching.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},158,"Political Theology","political-theology","The tradition of reflecting systematically on the relationship between religious concepts and political authority, and on how theological categories underlie ostensibly secular political thought.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},35,"Scholasticism","scholasticism","The medieval intellectual tradition that combined classical philosophy with Christian theology through rigorous logical analysis.",[135],{"source_tradition_id":118,"target_tradition_id":130,"relation_type":136,"description":137},"descends_from","Aquinas gave the tradition its systematic form, grounding law in reason and the common good; the School of Salamanca extended it to conquest and just war.",[139,141,145,150],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":140},{"name":131,"slug":132},{"relation_type":136,"traditions":142},{"name":143,"slug":144},"Natural Law","natural-law",{"relation_type":146,"traditions":147},"reacts_against",{"name":148,"slug":149},"Classical Liberalism","classical-liberalism",{"relation_type":146,"traditions":151},{"name":152,"slug":153},"Marxism","marxism",[155,159],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":156},{"name":157,"slug":158},"Distributism","distributism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":160},{"name":161,"slug":162},"Liberation Theology","liberation-theology",[164,171],{"title":165,"year":166,"year_display":167,"description":168,"kind":169,"sort_order":170},"De Regimine Principum",1280,"c. 1280","The most widely read mirror for princes of the Middle Ages — some three hundred manuscripts — and a principal route by which Aristotle's Politics reached the courts.","work",1,{"title":172,"year":173,"year_display":174,"description":175,"kind":169,"sort_order":176},"De Ecclesiastica Potestate",1302,"1302","The most extreme statement of papal monarchy produced by a serious theologian, and the immediate source of the bull Unam Sanctam.",2,[178,182,186,190,191,195,199,203,207,211,215,219,223,227,231,235,239,243,247,251,255,259,263,267,271,275,279,283,287,290,293,296],{"name":179,"slug":180,"birth_year":181},"Augustine of Hippo","augustine",354,{"name":183,"slug":184,"birth_year":185},"Anselm of Canterbury","anselm-of-canterbury",1033,{"name":187,"slug":188,"birth_year":189},"Thomas Aquinas","thomas-aquinas",1225,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":192,"slug":193,"birth_year":194},"Dante Alighieri","dante-alighieri",1265,{"name":196,"slug":197,"birth_year":198},"Jean Gerson","jean-gerson",1363,{"name":200,"slug":201,"birth_year":202},"Nicholas of Cusa","nicholas-of-cusa",1401,{"name":204,"slug":205,"birth_year":206},"Desiderius Erasmus","erasmus",1466,{"name":208,"slug":209,"birth_year":210},"Thomas More","thomas-more",1478,{"name":212,"slug":213,"birth_year":214},"Francisco de Vitoria","francisco-de-vitoria",1483,{"name":216,"slug":217,"birth_year":218},"John Calvin","john-calvin",1509,{"name":220,"slug":221,"birth_year":222},"Robert Bellarmine","robert-bellarmine",1542,{"name":224,"slug":225,"birth_year":226},"Pope Leo XIII","pope-leo-xiii",1810,{"name":228,"slug":229,"birth_year":230},"Hilaire Belloc","hilaire-belloc",1870,{"name":232,"slug":233,"birth_year":234},"G.K. Chesterton","g-k-chesterton",1874,{"name":236,"slug":237,"birth_year":238},"Francisco Franco","francisco-franco",1892,{"name":240,"slug":241,"birth_year":242},"Dorothy Day","dorothy-day",1897,{"name":244,"slug":245,"birth_year":246},"Pope John Paul II","pope-john-paul-ii",1920,{"name":248,"slug":249,"birth_year":250},"Alasdair MacIntyre","alasdair-macintyre",1929,{"name":252,"slug":253,"birth_year":254},"Pope Francis","pope-francis",1936,{"name":256,"slug":257,"birth_year":258},"Sister Simone Campbell","sister-simone-campbell",1945,{"name":260,"slug":261,"birth_year":262},"Timothy Dolan","timothy-dolan",1950,{"name":264,"slug":265,"birth_year":266},"Robert George","robert-george",1955,{"name":268,"slug":269,"birth_year":270},"Rusty Reno","rusty-reno",1959,{"name":272,"slug":273,"birth_year":274},"Phillip Blond","philip-blond",1966,{"name":276,"slug":277,"birth_year":278},"Adrian Vermeule","adrian-vermeule",1968,{"name":280,"slug":281,"birth_year":282},"Ross Douthat","ross-douthat",1979,{"name":284,"slug":285,"birth_year":286},"Sohrab Ahmari","sohrab-ahmari",1985,{"name":288,"slug":289,"birth_year":112},"Richard John Neuhaus","richard-john-neuhaus",{"name":291,"slug":292,"birth_year":112},"Gustavo Gutiérrez","gustavo-gutierrez",{"name":294,"slug":295,"birth_year":112},"Oscar Romero","oscar-romero",{"name":297,"slug":298,"birth_year":112},"Peter Maurin","peter-maurin",{"cards":300,"influenced":305,"shapedBy":309,"outbound":310},[301],{"slug":188,"name":187,"type":302,"strength":303,"description":304},"taught","foundational","Giles studied under Aquinas at Paris and carried the Aristotelian political vocabulary into the most widely copied mirror for princes of the age.",[306],{"slug":307,"name":308},"marsilius-of-padua","Marsilius of Padua",[],0]