[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-giambattista-vico":100,"$fa9zGnIiEjwnMRmmn16Eu6y30kGFecOkSbHcXZhd7Jsc":215},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":141,"homeIn":146,"works":147,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":160},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1182,"giambattista-vico","Giambattista Vico","The Neapolitan who argued that we can know history because we made it, and that societies pass through recurring ages of gods, heroes and men.","Giambattista Vico spent his life as a poorly paid professor of rhetoric in Naples, applying repeatedly and unsuccessfully for the better-paid chair of law, and published the New Science three times in revised versions without attracting readers. He was rediscovered in the nineteenth century and has been claimed ever since by people who agree with nothing else.\n\nHis starting point is an attack on Descartes. The Cartesians held mathematics to be the model of knowledge and history a matter of unreliable report. Vico inverts it: verum esse ipsum factum, the true is precisely the made. We can know mathematics because we constructed its objects, and by the same principle we can know the world of nations with a certainty unavailable in natural science, because men made society, whereas nature was made by God. The proper study of humanity is its own history, and it is knowable from the inside.\n\nThe method that follows is imaginative reconstruction. Early peoples did not think as we do; they thought in images, myths and poetic universals, because they lacked the abstractions we take for granted. Myth is therefore not error or allegory but the authentic record of how such minds worked, and language, law and custom are fossils in which their thought is preserved. To understand Roman law one must recover the mentality that produced it, which requires an effort of entering a way of seeing that is genuinely alien.\n\nFrom this he constructs the ideal eternal history: nations pass through an age of gods, an age of heroes, and an age of men, each with its own language, law, government and character, and then fall back — the ricorso — into a barbarism of reflection worse than the first barbarism of sense, because it is refined and heartless. Progress is real within a cycle and not across them.\n\nAlmost every element was ahead of its time. Michelet made him famous in France; Marx cites him in a footnote to Capital for the claim that human history differs from natural history in that we made the one and not the other; Berlin made him the founder of the counter-Enlightenment and of the idea that cultures must be understood in their own terms; and the whole later insistence that the human sciences require interpretation rather than explanation is his.",1668,1744,"Italian","philosopher","Enlightenment",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},58,"History of Ideas","history-of-ideas","The intellectual tradition of studying past thinkers in their historical context, attempting to understand the inner logic of their worldviews.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},51,"Philosophy of History","philosophy-of-history","The systematic philosophical attempt to understand history as a process with meaning and direction.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},62,"Political Philosophy","political-philosophy","The intellectual discipline of reflecting systematically on political life, its forms, and its possibilities.",[135,138],{"source_tradition_id":118,"target_tradition_id":124,"relation_type":136,"description":137},"descends_from","It kept the object — the career of ideas across time — and abandoned the claim that they move in a direction, which is why Popper belongs to both the tradition and its refutation.",{"source_tradition_id":118,"target_tradition_id":124,"relation_type":139,"description":140},"reacts_against","The Cambridge school's contextualism is a refusal of the directional, meaning-seeking histories that philosophy of history produced.",[142,144],{"relation_type":139,"traditions":143},{"name":125,"slug":126},{"relation_type":136,"traditions":145},{"name":125,"slug":126},[],[148,154],{"title":149,"year":108,"year_display":150,"description":151,"kind":152,"sort_order":153},"The New Science","1725; 3rd edn 1744","The true is the made: we can know the world of nations because men made it, and nations pass through ages of gods, heroes and men.","work",1,{"title":155,"year":156,"year_display":157,"description":158,"kind":152,"sort_order":159},"On the Study Methods of Our Time",1709,"1709","An early attack on the Cartesian curriculum, defending rhetoric, history and prudence against the claim that only the demonstrable is worth teaching.",2,[161,165,166,170,174,178,182,186,190,194,198,202,206,209,212],{"name":162,"slug":163,"birth_year":164},"René Descartes","rene-descartes",1596,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":167,"slug":168,"birth_year":169},"Friedrich Schleiermacher","friedrich-schleiermacher",1768,{"name":171,"slug":172,"birth_year":173},"Friedrich Carl von Savigny","friedrich-carl-von-savigny",1779,{"name":175,"slug":176,"birth_year":177},"Ernest Renan","ernest-renan",1823,{"name":179,"slug":180,"birth_year":181},"Lord Acton","lord-acton",1834,{"name":183,"slug":184,"birth_year":185},"Max Weber","max-weber",1864,{"name":187,"slug":188,"birth_year":189},"Leo Strauss","leo-strauss",1899,{"name":191,"slug":192,"birth_year":193},"Isaiah Berlin","isaiah-berlin",1909,{"name":195,"slug":196,"birth_year":197},"E.P. Thompson","e-p-thompson",1924,{"name":199,"slug":200,"birth_year":201},"Michel Foucault","michel-foucault",1926,{"name":203,"slug":204,"birth_year":205},"Timothy Snyder","timothy-snyder",1969,{"name":207,"slug":208,"birth_year":112},"Eric Hobsbawm","eric-hobsbawm",{"name":210,"slug":211,"birth_year":112},"Tony Judt","tony-judt",{"name":213,"slug":214,"birth_year":112},"Leszek Kołakowski","leszek-koakowski",{"cards":216,"influenced":221,"shapedBy":226,"outbound":159},[217],{"slug":163,"name":162,"type":218,"strength":219,"description":220},"opposed","foundational","The New Science is built against the Cartesian claim that only the clear and distinct is knowable: Vico answers that we know what we made, so history is more certain than physics.",[222,223],{"slug":192,"name":191},{"slug":224,"name":225},"karl-marx","Karl Marx",[]]