[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-gerrard-winstanley":100,"$fAlIv27W-cn7qb91jbHPN7utQ_Rit81FL3RdM7mjL2zs":389},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":128,"homeOut":129,"homeIn":140,"works":141,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":155},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1174,"gerrard-winstanley","Gerrard Winstanley","Leader of the Diggers, who held that the earth was made a common treasury and that private property in land is the fall from which all other oppression follows.","Gerrard Winstanley was a failed cloth merchant reduced to herding cattle in Surrey when, in 1649, he reported a vision instructing him to work the common land. In April that year a small group began digging on St George's Hill at Walton-on-Thames, planting corn and beans and inviting the poor to join them. They called themselves True Levellers, because the Levellers, for all their radicalism, defended property. The colony was harassed, prosecuted, and broken up by local landowners within a year, and others met the same fate.\n\nThe writings are the reason he matters. Winstanley argues that in the beginning the earth was made a common treasury for all, that no one was given dominion over another, and that the fall of man is not a private moral event but the historical moment at which some men enclosed the land and made others work it for wages. Buying and selling land is the original theft; the law exists to defend it; the clergy sanctify it by promising the poor a heaven later in exchange for accepting hell now. He calls the whole system the Norman Yoke, imposed by conquest in 1066 and never lifted.\n\nThe remedy is not redistribution but the abolition of the market in land: the commons and wastes are to be worked collectively, and by demonstrating that it works the Diggers expected the labourers of England to abandon wage work of their own accord. The Law of Freedom in a Platform, addressed to Cromwell in 1652, sets out a full commonwealth with no buying or selling, no lawyers, no clergy, universal education including practical trades for all, and officers elected annually.\n\nHis theology is inseparable from the politics and dissolves into it: the Christ he speaks of is a rising up of reason within humanity rather than a person, heaven and hell are conditions of this life, and the true resurrection is a social one. He was writing three centuries before any organised socialism and was recovered by it — by Bernstein in the 1890s, by the British left thereafter — as the earliest English statement of the case that the abolition of private property in land is the condition of every other freedom.",1609,1676,"English","activist","Early Modern",null,[],[115,122],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},158,"Political Theology","political-theology","The tradition of reflecting systematically on the relationship between religious concepts and political authority, and on how theological categories underlie ostensibly secular political thought.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},462,"Social Anarchism","social-anarchism","The anti-capitalist, anti-statist tradition that seeks to abolish both the state and private property in favour of voluntary cooperation, common ownership, and federated self-government.",[],[130,135],{"relation_type":131,"traditions":132},"descends_from",{"name":133,"slug":134},"Platonism","platonism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":137},"reacts_against",{"name":138,"slug":139},"Enlightenment Philosophy","enlightenment-philosophy",[],[142,149],{"title":143,"year":144,"year_display":145,"description":146,"kind":147,"sort_order":148},"The Law of Freedom in a Platform",1652,"1652","A commonwealth with no buying or selling of land, no lawyers, no clergy, universal education and annually elected officers, addressed to Cromwell.","work",1,{"title":150,"year":151,"year_display":152,"description":153,"kind":147,"sort_order":154},"The True Levellers Standard Advanced",1649,"1649","The Digger manifesto: the earth was made a common treasury, and enclosure is the fall from which all other oppression follows.",2,[156,160,164,168,172,176,180,184,188,192,196,200,204,208,212,216,220,224,225,229,233,237,241,245,249,253,257,261,265,269,273,277,281,285,289,293,297,301,305,309,313,317,321,325,328,332,336,340,344,348,352,356,360,364,367,371,375,379,383,386],{"name":157,"slug":158,"birth_year":159},"Augustine of Hippo","augustine",354,{"name":161,"slug":162,"birth_year":163},"Anselm of Canterbury","anselm-of-canterbury",1033,{"name":165,"slug":166,"birth_year":167},"Al-Ghazali","al-ghazali",1058,{"name":169,"slug":170,"birth_year":171},"Maimonides","maimonides",1138,{"name":173,"slug":174,"birth_year":175},"Giles of Rome","giles-of-rome",1243,{"name":177,"slug":178,"birth_year":179},"Jean Gerson","jean-gerson",1363,{"name":181,"slug":182,"birth_year":183},"Nicholas of Cusa","nicholas-of-cusa",1401,{"name":185,"slug":186,"birth_year":187},"Desiderius Erasmus","erasmus",1466,{"name":189,"slug":190,"birth_year":191},"Martin Luther","martin-luther",1483,{"name":193,"slug":194,"birth_year":195},"Huldrych Zwingli","huldrych-zwingli",1484,{"name":197,"slug":198,"birth_year":199},"John Calvin","john-calvin",1509,{"name":201,"slug":202,"birth_year":203},"Robert Bellarmine","robert-bellarmine",1542,{"name":205,"slug":206,"birth_year":207},"Richard Hooker","richard-hooker",1554,{"name":209,"slug":210,"birth_year":211},"Hugo Grotius","hugo-grotius",1583,{"name":213,"slug":214,"birth_year":215},"Robert Filmer","robert-filmer",1588,{"name":217,"slug":218,"birth_year":219},"Oliver Cromwell","oliver-cromwell",1599,{"name":221,"slug":222,"birth_year":223},"Samuel Rutherford","samuel-rutherford",1600,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":226,"slug":227,"birth_year":228},"Blaise Pascal","blaise-pascal",1623,{"name":230,"slug":231,"birth_year":232},"Baruch Spinoza","baruch-spinoza",1632,{"name":234,"slug":235,"birth_year":236},"Nicolas Malebranche","nicolas-malebranche",1638,{"name":238,"slug":239,"birth_year":240},"Gotthold Ephraim Lessing","gotthold-ephraim-lessing",1729,{"name":242,"slug":243,"birth_year":244},"William Paley","william-paley",1743,{"name":246,"slug":247,"birth_year":248},"Joseph de Maistre","joseph-de-maistre",1753,{"name":250,"slug":251,"birth_year":252},"William Wilberforce","william-wilberforce",1759,{"name":254,"slug":255,"birth_year":256},"Friedrich Schleiermacher","friedrich-schleiermacher",1768,{"name":258,"slug":259,"birth_year":260},"Søren Kierkegaard","soren-kierkegaard",1813,{"name":262,"slug":263,"birth_year":264},"Fyodor Dostoevsky","fyodor-dostoevsky",1821,{"name":266,"slug":267,"birth_year":268},"Harriet Tubman","harriet-tubman",1822,{"name":270,"slug":271,"birth_year":272},"Ernest Renan","ernest-renan",1823,{"name":274,"slug":275,"birth_year":276},"Leo Tolstoy","leo-tolstoy",1828,{"name":278,"slug":279,"birth_year":280},"Abraham Kuyper","abraham-kuyper",1837,{"name":282,"slug":283,"birth_year":284},"William Jennings Bryan","william-jennings-bryan",1860,{"name":286,"slug":287,"birth_year":288},"Walter Rauschenbusch","walter-rauschenbusch",1861,{"name":290,"slug":291,"birth_year":292},"Mahatma Gandhi","mahatma-gandhi",1869,{"name":294,"slug":295,"birth_year":296},"Carl Schmitt","carl-schmitt",1888,{"name":298,"slug":299,"birth_year":300},"Reinhold Niebuhr","reinhold-niebuhr",1892,{"name":302,"slug":303,"birth_year":304},"Aldous Huxley","aldous-huxley",1894,{"name":306,"slug":307,"birth_year":308},"Dorothy Day","dorothy-day",1897,{"name":310,"slug":311,"birth_year":312},"C.S. Lewis","cs-lewis",1898,{"name":314,"slug":315,"birth_year":316},"Eric Voegelin","eric-voegelin",1901,{"name":318,"slug":319,"birth_year":320},"Ayatollah Khomeini","ayatollah-khomeini",1902,{"name":322,"slug":323,"birth_year":324},"Dietrich Bonhoeffer","dietrich-bonhoeffer",1906,{"name":326,"slug":327,"birth_year":324},"Sayyid Qutb","sayyid-qutb",{"name":329,"slug":330,"birth_year":331},"Simone Weil","simone-weil",1909,{"name":333,"slug":334,"birth_year":335},"Rosa Parks","rosa-parks",1913,{"name":337,"slug":338,"birth_year":339},"Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn","aleksandr-solzhenitsyn",1918,{"name":341,"slug":342,"birth_year":343},"Pope John Paul II","pope-john-paul-ii",1920,{"name":345,"slug":346,"birth_year":347},"Malcolm X","malcolm-x",1925,{"name":349,"slug":350,"birth_year":351},"César Chávez","cesar-chavez",1927,{"name":353,"slug":354,"birth_year":355},"Martin Luther King Jr.","martin-luther-king-jr",1929,{"name":357,"slug":358,"birth_year":359},"Pope Francis","pope-francis",1936,{"name":361,"slug":362,"birth_year":363},"Jim Wallis","jim-wallis",1948,{"name":365,"slug":366,"birth_year":363},"Jonathan Sacks","jonathan-sacks",{"name":368,"slug":369,"birth_year":370},"Chris Hedges","chris-hedges",1956,{"name":372,"slug":373,"birth_year":374},"Albert Mohler","albert-mohler",1959,{"name":376,"slug":377,"birth_year":378},"Yoram Hazony","yoram-hazony",1964,{"name":380,"slug":381,"birth_year":382},"Rod Dreher","rod-dreher",1967,{"name":384,"slug":385,"birth_year":112},"Gustavo Gutiérrez","gustavo-gutierrez",{"name":387,"slug":388,"birth_year":112},"Oscar Romero","oscar-romero",{"cards":390,"influenced":391,"shapedBy":395,"outbound":396},[],[392],{"slug":393,"name":394},"john-lilburne","John Lilburne",[],0]