[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-germaine-de-stael":100,"$fISuHfsRdO79LBkeafbiiBWNLy4aefU_rJGS4FKPdMKY":475},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":138,"homeIn":151,"works":195,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":214},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1219,"germaine-de-stael","Germaine de Staël","Novelist and political thinker whose salon shaped liberal opposition, who introduced German Romanticism to France, and whom Napoleon exiled for being unmanageable.","Germaine de Staël was the daughter of Necker, Louis XVI's finance minister, and grew up in the most consequential drawing room in Paris. She kept a salon of her own through the Revolution, welcomed 1789 and was appalled by the Terror, spent years in exile at Coppet on Lake Geneva, and was harried across Europe by Napoleon, who considered her more dangerous than an army corps and told her that the woman who takes up politics ceases to be a woman.\n\nHer political position is a liberalism formed by watching a revolution fail. Considerations on the Principal Events of the French Revolution, published after her death, argues that 1789 was necessary and legitimate, that the Terror was neither its logic nor its accident but the consequence of a nation with no experience of liberty attempting it all at once, and that the remedy is the English model: constitutional monarchy, two chambers, ministerial responsibility, free press, and above all the slow formation of the habits that make free institutions work. She is one of the earliest writers to treat political culture as prior to constitutional design.\n\nDe l'Allemagne, published in 1813 after the French police pulped the first edition, did something more unexpected. It introduced French readers to Kant, Schiller, Goethe and the Schlegels, presented Germany as a nation of poets and thinkers whose inwardness offered an alternative to French classicism and French centralisation, and effectively created the German-Romantic image of Germany that Europe held for a century. The book's implicit politics is that a culture may be great without a state and that variety among nations is a good in itself.\n\nHer sociology of literature — the argument in De la littérature that literary forms depend on climate, religion, institutions and the position of women, and that criticism must therefore be historical — is a serious anticipation of the comparative study of culture.\n\nHer partnership with Benjamin Constant, personal and intellectual and stormy for fourteen years, produced most of the ideas that French liberalism worked with for the next generation.",1766,1817,"French-Swiss","writer","19th Century",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},1,"Classical Liberalism","classical-liberalism","The political tradition that holds individual liberty as the highest political value and the state's role as protecting rights rather than directing citizens' lives.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},46,"Liberal Political Thought","liberal-political-thought","The tradition of political analysis committed to individual liberty, constitutional government, and limited state power, while increasingly aware of the complexities of mass democratic society.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},39,"Romantic Political Thought","romantic-political-thought","The tradition that emphasizes feeling, authenticity, community, and the natural goodness of human beings against the cold rationalism of Enlightenment liberalism.",[135],{"source_tradition_id":124,"target_tradition_id":118,"relation_type":136,"description":137},"descends_from","Descends from it but adds a sociological awareness classical liberalism lacked: that liberty is shaped by social conditions, not merely protected by law.",[139,143,147],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":140},{"name":141,"slug":142},"Social Contract Theory","social-contract-theory",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":144},{"name":145,"slug":146},"Scottish Enlightenment","scottish-enlightenment",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":148},{"name":149,"slug":150},"Natural Law","natural-law",[152,154,158,162,166,170,174,178,183,187,191],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":153},{"name":125,"slug":126},{"relation_type":136,"traditions":155},{"name":156,"slug":157},"Liberal Feminism","liberal-feminism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":159},{"name":160,"slug":161},"Individualist Anarchism","individualist-anarchism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":163},{"name":164,"slug":165},"Libertarianism","libertarianism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":167},{"name":168,"slug":169},"Chicago School Economics","chicago-school-economics",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":171},{"name":172,"slug":173},"Public Choice","public-choice",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":175},{"name":176,"slug":177},"Austrian School Economics","austrian-school-economics",{"relation_type":179,"traditions":180},"reacts_against",{"name":181,"slug":182},"Marxism","marxism",{"relation_type":179,"traditions":184},{"name":185,"slug":186},"Keynesianism","keynesianism",{"relation_type":179,"traditions":188},{"name":189,"slug":190},"Progressivism","progressivism",{"relation_type":179,"traditions":192},{"name":193,"slug":194},"Catholic Political Thought","catholic-political-thought",[196,202,208],{"title":197,"year":198,"year_display":199,"description":200,"kind":201,"sort_order":118},"Considerations on the Principal Events of the French Revolution",1818,"published 1818","1789 as necessary and the Terror as the consequence of a nation attempting liberty with no experience of it.","work",{"title":203,"year":204,"year_display":205,"description":206,"kind":201,"sort_order":207},"On Germany",1813,"1810; pulped, published 1813","Introduced Kant, Goethe, Schiller and the Schlegels to France, and created the image of Germany that Europe held for a century.",2,{"title":209,"year":210,"year_display":211,"description":212,"kind":201,"sort_order":213},"On Literature",1800,"1800","Literary forms as dependent on climate, religion, institutions and the position of women; criticism must therefore be historical.",3,[215,219,223,227,231,235,239,243,247,250,251,255,258,262,266,270,274,278,282,286,290,293,297,301,305,309,313,317,321,325,329,333,337,341,345,349,353,357,360,364,368,371,375,379,383,387,391,395,399,403,407,411,415,419,422,426,429,433,437,440,444,448,451,454,457,460,463,466,469,472],{"name":216,"slug":217,"birth_year":218},"John Locke","john-locke",1632,{"name":220,"slug":221,"birth_year":222},"Adam Smith","adam-smith",1723,{"name":224,"slug":225,"birth_year":226},"George Washington","george-washington",1732,{"name":228,"slug":229,"birth_year":230},"Patrick Henry","patrick-henry",1736,{"name":232,"slug":233,"birth_year":234},"Thomas Paine","thomas-paine",1737,{"name":236,"slug":237,"birth_year":238},"Thomas Jefferson","thomas-jefferson",1743,{"name":240,"slug":241,"birth_year":242},"James Madison","james-madison",1751,{"name":244,"slug":245,"birth_year":246},"Alexander Hamilton","alexander-hamilton",1755,{"name":248,"slug":249,"birth_year":107},"Thomas Malthus","thomas-malthus",{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":252,"slug":253,"birth_year":254},"Andrew Jackson","andrew-jackson",1767,{"name":256,"slug":257,"birth_year":254},"Benjamin Constant","benjamin-constant",{"name":259,"slug":260,"birth_year":261},"David Ricardo","david-ricardo",1772,{"name":263,"slug":264,"birth_year":265},"Simón Bolívar","simon-bolivar",1783,{"name":267,"slug":268,"birth_year":269},"Frédéric Bastiat","frederic-bastiat",1801,{"name":271,"slug":272,"birth_year":273},"Richard Cobden","richard-cobden",1804,{"name":275,"slug":276,"birth_year":277},"John Stuart Mill","john-stuart-mill",1806,{"name":279,"slug":280,"birth_year":281},"Harriet Taylor Mill","harriet-taylor-mill",1807,{"name":283,"slug":284,"birth_year":285},"Lysander Spooner","lysander-spooner",1808,{"name":287,"slug":288,"birth_year":289},"John Bright","john-bright",1811,{"name":291,"slug":292,"birth_year":198},"Frederick Douglass","frederick-douglass",{"name":294,"slug":295,"birth_year":296},"Susan B. Anthony","susan-b-anthony",1820,{"name":298,"slug":299,"birth_year":300},"Grover Cleveland","grover-cleveland",1837,{"name":302,"slug":303,"birth_year":304},"Henry George","henry-george",1839,{"name":306,"slug":307,"birth_year":308},"William Graham Sumner","william-graham-sumner",1840,{"name":310,"slug":311,"birth_year":312},"Booker T. Washington","booker-t-washington",1856,{"name":314,"slug":315,"birth_year":316},"Albert Jay Nock","albert-jay-nock",1870,{"name":318,"slug":319,"birth_year":320},"Calvin Coolidge","calvin-coolidge",1872,{"name":322,"slug":323,"birth_year":324},"H.L. Mencken","hl-mencken",1880,{"name":326,"slug":327,"birth_year":328},"Ludwig von Mises","ludwig-von-mises",1881,{"name":330,"slug":331,"birth_year":332},"Rose Wilder Lane","rose-wilder-lane",1886,{"name":334,"slug":335,"birth_year":336},"Robert Taft","robert-taft",1889,{"name":338,"slug":339,"birth_year":340},"Henry Hazlitt","henry-hazlitt",1894,{"name":342,"slug":343,"birth_year":344},"Ludwig Erhard","ludwig-erhard",1897,{"name":346,"slug":347,"birth_year":348},"Friedrich Hayek","friedrich-hayek",1899,{"name":350,"slug":351,"birth_year":352},"Ayn Rand","ayn-rand",1905,{"name":354,"slug":355,"birth_year":356},"Barry Goldwater","barry-goldwater",1909,{"name":358,"slug":359,"birth_year":356},"Frank Meyer","frank-meyer",{"name":361,"slug":362,"birth_year":363},"Ronald Reagan","ronald-reagan",1911,{"name":365,"slug":366,"birth_year":367},"Enoch Powell","enoch-powell",1912,{"name":369,"slug":370,"birth_year":367},"Milton Friedman","milton-friedman",{"name":372,"slug":373,"birth_year":374},"James M. Buchanan","james-m-buchanan",1919,{"name":376,"slug":377,"birth_year":378},"Margaret Thatcher","margaret-thatcher",1925,{"name":380,"slug":381,"birth_year":382},"Murray Rothbard","murray-rothbard",1926,{"name":384,"slug":385,"birth_year":386},"Thomas Sowell","thomas-sowell",1930,{"name":388,"slug":389,"birth_year":390},"Jagdish Bhagwati","jagdish-bhagwati",1934,{"name":392,"slug":393,"birth_year":394},"Walter Williams","walter-williams",1936,{"name":396,"slug":397,"birth_year":398},"Robert Nozick","robert-nozick",1938,{"name":400,"slug":401,"birth_year":402},"Deirdre McCloskey","deirdre-mccloskey",1942,{"name":404,"slug":405,"birth_year":406},"Charles Murray","charles-murray-social-scientist",1943,{"name":408,"slug":409,"birth_year":410},"David Boaz","david-boaz",1953,{"name":412,"slug":413,"birth_year":414},"Matt Ridley","matt-ridley",1958,{"name":416,"slug":417,"birth_year":418},"Max More","max-more",1964,{"name":420,"slug":421,"birth_year":418},"Niall Ferguson","niall-ferguson",{"name":423,"slug":424,"birth_year":425},"Ayaan Hirsi Ali","ayaan-hirsi-ali",1969,{"name":427,"slug":428,"birth_year":425},"David French","david-french",{"name":430,"slug":431,"birth_year":432},"Bryan Caplan","bryan-caplan",1971,{"name":434,"slug":435,"birth_year":436},"Johan Norberg","johan-norberg",1973,{"name":438,"slug":439,"birth_year":436},"Megan McArdle","megan-mcardle",{"name":441,"slug":442,"birth_year":443},"Jason Brennan","jason-brennan",1979,{"name":445,"slug":446,"birth_year":447},"Sarah Haider","sarah-haider",1991,{"name":449,"slug":450,"birth_year":112},"Gottfried Dietze","gottfried-dietze",{"name":452,"slug":453,"birth_year":112},"Julian Simon","julian-simon",{"name":455,"slug":456,"birth_year":112},"Martin Feldstein","martin-feldstein",{"name":458,"slug":459,"birth_year":112},"Wilhelm Röpke","wilhelm-ropke",{"name":461,"slug":462,"birth_year":112},"Wilhelm von Humboldt","wilhelm-von-humboldt",{"name":464,"slug":465,"birth_year":112},"Karl Hess","karl-hess",{"name":467,"slug":468,"birth_year":112},"Loren Lomasky","loren-lomasky",{"name":470,"slug":471,"birth_year":112},"Matt Zwolinski","matt-zwolinski",{"name":473,"slug":474,"birth_year":112},"Brink Lindsey","brink-lindsey",{"cards":476,"influenced":477,"shapedBy":479,"outbound":118},[],[478],{"slug":257,"name":256},[]]