[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-friedrich-schleiermacher":100,"$fr_1OpnlpaZryXMpD5VydKq-x72qplhfXBZPAN8We3VA":219},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":135,"homeIn":144,"works":145,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":165},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1208,"friedrich-schleiermacher","Friedrich Schleiermacher","The theologian who relocated religion from doctrine and morality to a feeling of absolute dependence, and founded modern hermeneutics along the way.","Friedrich Schleiermacher was raised among the Moravian Brethren, lost their faith and kept their piety, became a hospital chaplain in Berlin, moved in the circle of the early Romantics around Friedrich Schlegel, and ended as professor at the university he helped Humboldt found.\n\nOn Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers, published anonymously in 1799, is addressed to exactly the audience its title names — the educated Berliners who had concluded that religion was superstition for the uneducated. Schleiermacher concedes almost everything they say about doctrine and church discipline and then argues that they have mistaken the husk for the thing. Religion is neither a kind of knowing nor a kind of doing; it is a distinct province of the mind, and its essence is intuition and feeling of the infinite in the finite. Dogmas are secondary formulations of an experience that precedes them, and the plurality of religions is not scandal but necessity, since an infinite cannot be exhausted by one finite expression.\n\nIn The Christian Faith he restated this as the feeling of absolute dependence — the awareness of being utterly conditioned, which is where the word God gets its content. Theology becomes the description of the religious consciousness of a community rather than the deduction of truths from revelation, which made him the founder of liberal Protestant theology and the target of everyone who thought that a surrender, Barth most famously.\n\nHis other lasting contribution is hermeneutics. Earlier theories of interpretation were sets of local rules for difficult passages in scripture or law; Schleiermacher made interpretation a general art with its own theory, argued that misunderstanding is the normal condition and understanding the achievement, and formulated the hermeneutic circle — that the parts are understood from the whole and the whole from the parts. He distinguished grammatical interpretation, locating a text in its language, from psychological interpretation, reconstructing the author's act of composition, and held that a good interpreter may understand an author better than the author understood himself. Dilthey, Gadamer and the whole tradition of interpretive human science run from here.\n\nHe also translated Plato into German so well that the version is still read, and argued in the Berlin debates for a university free of state direction.",1768,1834,"German","theologian","19th Century",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},58,"History of Ideas","history-of-ideas","The intellectual tradition of studying past thinkers in their historical context, attempting to understand the inner logic of their worldviews.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},158,"Political Theology","political-theology","The tradition of reflecting systematically on the relationship between religious concepts and political authority, and on how theological categories underlie ostensibly secular political thought.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},39,"Romantic Political Thought","romantic-political-thought","The tradition that emphasizes feeling, authenticity, community, and the natural goodness of human beings against the cold rationalism of Enlightenment liberalism.",[],[136,141],{"relation_type":137,"traditions":138},"reacts_against",{"name":139,"slug":140},"Philosophy of History","philosophy-of-history",{"relation_type":142,"traditions":143},"descends_from",{"name":139,"slug":140},[],[146,153,159],{"title":147,"year":148,"year_display":149,"description":150,"kind":151,"sort_order":152},"On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers",1799,"1799","Religion is neither knowing nor doing but a province of its own, whose essence is intuition and feeling of the infinite in the finite.","work",1,{"title":154,"year":155,"year_display":156,"description":157,"kind":151,"sort_order":158},"The Christian Faith",1822,"1821-22","Restates doctrine as the description of a community's religious consciousness, grounded in the feeling of absolute dependence.",2,{"title":160,"year":161,"year_display":162,"description":163,"kind":151,"sort_order":164},"Hermeneutics and Criticism",1838,"lectures; published 1838","Makes interpretation a general art rather than a set of local rules, and formulates the hermeneutic circle.",3,[166,170,174,175,179,183,186,190,194,198,202,206,210,213,216],{"name":167,"slug":168,"birth_year":169},"René Descartes","rene-descartes",1596,{"name":171,"slug":172,"birth_year":173},"Giambattista Vico","giambattista-vico",1668,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":176,"slug":177,"birth_year":178},"Friedrich Carl von Savigny","friedrich-carl-von-savigny",1779,{"name":180,"slug":181,"birth_year":182},"Ernest Renan","ernest-renan",1823,{"name":184,"slug":185,"birth_year":108},"Lord Acton","lord-acton",{"name":187,"slug":188,"birth_year":189},"Max Weber","max-weber",1864,{"name":191,"slug":192,"birth_year":193},"Leo Strauss","leo-strauss",1899,{"name":195,"slug":196,"birth_year":197},"Isaiah Berlin","isaiah-berlin",1909,{"name":199,"slug":200,"birth_year":201},"E.P. Thompson","e-p-thompson",1924,{"name":203,"slug":204,"birth_year":205},"Michel Foucault","michel-foucault",1926,{"name":207,"slug":208,"birth_year":209},"Timothy Snyder","timothy-snyder",1969,{"name":211,"slug":212,"birth_year":112},"Eric Hobsbawm","eric-hobsbawm",{"name":214,"slug":215,"birth_year":112},"Tony Judt","tony-judt",{"name":217,"slug":218,"birth_year":112},"Leszek Kołakowski","leszek-koakowski",{"cards":220,"influenced":221,"shapedBy":225,"outbound":152},[],[222],{"slug":223,"name":224},"novalis","Novalis",[]]