[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-friedrich-schelling":100,"$fYXmgU8fOV4aW5DNnaDHzNX9C8H0mIewekkvo2TKm3kU":193},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":138,"homeIn":141,"works":142,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":162},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1217,"friedrich-schelling","Friedrich Schelling","The prodigy of German idealism, who made nature a form of spirit rather than its opposite, and whose late attack on Hegel opened the way to existentialism.","Friedrich Schelling shared a room at the Tübingen seminary with Hegel and Hölderlin, held a chair at twenty-three, was the most celebrated philosopher in Germany before he was thirty, and then watched his former roommate eclipse him so completely that he published almost nothing for the last forty years of his life.\n\nHis early achievement was to give nature back to idealism. Fichte had made the not-I a product of the I's activity, which left the natural world as little more than the material of duty. Schelling argued instead that nature and mind are two aspects of one absolute — nature is visible spirit and spirit is invisible nature — and that nature must be understood as a graded series of productive powers ascending toward consciousness rather than as inert stuff. The Naturphilosophie that followed was speculative to a degree that embarrassed later scientists, and it was also the intellectual atmosphere in which Oersted found electromagnetism and Romantic biology looked for unity across the forms of life.\n\nHis System of Transcendental Idealism ends by assigning to art the role of highest organ of philosophy: in the work of art, conscious and unconscious production coincide, so that art displays what philosophy can only describe. No other statement did as much to raise the status of art in the nineteenth century.\n\nThe late Schelling is the more interesting one for what came after. He came to regard the whole idealist enterprise, his own included, as merely negative philosophy — able to establish what a thing must be if it exists, but never that anything exists at all. Positive philosophy must begin from the sheer fact of existence, which reason cannot deduce and can only encounter. Being precedes thought, and there is an unprethinkable ground that no system will absorb.\n\nHe delivered this in Berlin in 1841 to a lecture audience that included Kierkegaard, Engels, Bakunin and Burckhardt. Kierkegaard arrived elated at hearing the word actuality, and left disappointed, but the argument against Hegel's claim that the rational and the actual coincide became his own. Through him, and through Heidegger's reading of the Freedom essay, the late Schelling is one of the sources of existentialism.",1775,1854,"German","philosopher","19th Century",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},54,"Aesthetic Philosophy","aesthetic-philosophy","The tradition that takes art and aesthetic experience seriously as central to philosophical reflection rather than as a peripheral subject.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},49,"German Idealism","german-idealism","The early 19th century philosophical tradition centered in Germany, focused on the relationship between mind and reality, the nature of self-consciousness, and the conditions of freedom.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},39,"Romantic Political Thought","romantic-political-thought","The tradition that emphasizes feeling, authenticity, community, and the natural goodness of human beings against the cold rationalism of Enlightenment liberalism.",[135],{"source_tradition_id":118,"target_tradition_id":124,"relation_type":136,"description":137},"descends_from","Kant's third Critique made the judgement of taste a philosophical problem; Schiller drew the political conclusion about aesthetic education.",[139],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":140},{"name":125,"slug":126},[],[143,150,156],{"title":144,"year":145,"year_display":146,"description":147,"kind":148,"sort_order":149},"System of Transcendental Idealism",1800,"1800","Nature and mind as two aspects of one absolute, ending by assigning to art the role of highest organ of philosophy.","work",1,{"title":151,"year":152,"year_display":153,"description":154,"kind":148,"sort_order":155},"Philosophical Investigations into the Essence of Human Freedom",1809,"1809","The freedom essay: a ground in God that precedes reason, and evil as a real positive possibility rather than a privation.",2,{"title":157,"year":158,"year_display":159,"description":160,"kind":148,"sort_order":161},"Philosophy of Revelation",1858,"Berlin lectures 1841-42; published 1858","The late attack on negative philosophy: reason establishes what a thing must be if it exists, never that anything exists.",3,[163,167,171,175,178,181,182,186,190],{"name":164,"slug":165,"birth_year":166},"Gotthold Ephraim Lessing","gotthold-ephraim-lessing",1729,{"name":168,"slug":169,"birth_year":170},"Friedrich Schiller","friedrich-schiller",1759,{"name":172,"slug":173,"birth_year":174},"Samuel Taylor Coleridge","samuel-taylor-coleridge",1772,{"name":176,"slug":177,"birth_year":174},"Friedrich Schlegel","friedrich-schlegel",{"name":179,"slug":180,"birth_year":174},"Novalis","novalis",{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":183,"slug":184,"birth_year":185},"Friedrich Nietzsche","friedrich-nietzsche",1844,{"name":187,"slug":188,"birth_year":189},"Roger Scruton","roger-scruton",1944,{"name":191,"slug":192,"birth_year":112},"Czesław Miłosz","czesaw-miosz",{"cards":194,"influenced":195,"shapedBy":206,"outbound":161},[],[196,199,202,203],{"slug":197,"name":198},"arthur-schopenhauer","Arthur Schopenhauer",{"slug":200,"name":201},"g-w-f-hegel","G.W.F. Hegel",{"slug":173,"name":172},{"slug":204,"name":205},"soren-kierkegaard","Søren Kierkegaard",[]]