[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-friedrich-carl-von-savigny":100,"$fBLYo5HFD-OktaLL2Z6aEk_jsbjOcZViruggbJVp4XAI":416},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":135,"homeIn":155,"works":156,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":170},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1216,"friedrich-carl-von-savigny","Friedrich Carl von Savigny","Founder of the historical school of law, who defeated codification in Germany by arguing that law grows from a people's spirit rather than being made by legislators.","Friedrich Carl von Savigny was professor at Berlin, tutor to the Prussian crown prince, and eventually minister for legislative revision. His decisive intervention came in 1814, when Thibaut proposed that Germany adopt a single civil code on the French model as an instrument of national unification.\n\nSavigny's reply, On the Vocation of Our Age for Legislation and Jurisprudence, argues that the proposal misunderstands what law is. Law is not made; it grows. It originates in the customs and beliefs of a people — the Volksgeist — in the way language does, developing organically with the nation and dying when the nation loses its individuality. Legislation can register and refine what has developed, but a code drafted from principle imposes on a living body a form taken from somewhere else, and freezes at one moment what ought to keep moving. Germany, he concluded, was not yet ripe for codification, and what was needed first was historical scholarship: a proper understanding of Roman law as it had actually been received and modified in German practice.\n\nHe won. Codification was deferred for the better part of a century, and the Civil Code of 1900 was drafted by scholars formed in his school, using the conceptual apparatus his research had built. His own System of Modern Roman Law reconstructed the sources with an exactness that founded modern legal scholarship, and his account of the legal transaction, of declarations of will and of possession shaped continental private law permanently.\n\nThe argument's reach extends well past law. It is the same move Herder made about language and Burke about constitutions, applied to the one domain where legislators most confidently believe they are simply choosing, and it made the historical school the dominant force in nineteenth-century German jurisprudence. Marx, who attended his lectures and detested them, wrote an early polemic against the school for making whatever exists appear legitimate by tracing its pedigree. Maine's comparative jurisprudence in England and the sociological approaches to law that followed both stand in its debt, and every subsequent argument that transplanted law fails without the culture it came from is Savigny's.",1779,1861,"German","jurist","19th Century",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},14,"Conservatism","conservatism","The political tradition that emphasizes inherited institutions, traditions, and customs as repositories of accumulated practical wisdom.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},58,"History of Ideas","history-of-ideas","The intellectual tradition of studying past thinkers in their historical context, attempting to understand the inner logic of their worldviews.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},42,"Legal Reform","legal-reform","The 18th and 19th century movement to rationalize and humanize legal systems that had developed haphazardly over centuries.",[],[136,141,146,151],{"relation_type":137,"traditions":138},"reacts_against",{"name":139,"slug":140},"Enlightenment Philosophy","enlightenment-philosophy",{"relation_type":142,"traditions":143},"converges_with",{"name":144,"slug":145},"Communitarianism","communitarianism",{"relation_type":147,"traditions":148},"descends_from",{"name":149,"slug":150},"Natural Law","natural-law",{"relation_type":147,"traditions":152},{"name":153,"slug":154},"Romantic Political Thought","romantic-political-thought",[],[157,164],{"title":158,"year":159,"year_display":160,"description":161,"kind":162,"sort_order":163},"On the Vocation of Our Age for Legislation and Jurisprudence",1814,"1814","Law grows from a people's spirit as language does; a code drafted from principle freezes at one moment what ought to keep moving.","work",1,{"title":165,"year":166,"year_display":167,"description":168,"kind":162,"sort_order":169},"System of Modern Roman Law",1849,"1840-49","The reconstruction of the sources that founded modern legal scholarship and shaped continental private law permanently.",2,[171,175,179,183,187,191,195,198,202,203,206,210,214,218,222,226,230,234,238,242,246,250,254,257,261,265,268,272,276,280,284,288,292,296,299,303,307,311,315,319,323,327,331,335,339,343,347,351,355,359,363,367,371,374,377,380,383,386,389,392,395,398,401,404,407,410,413],{"name":172,"slug":173,"birth_year":174},"Edmund Burke","edmund-burke",1729,{"name":176,"slug":177,"birth_year":178},"Joseph de Maistre","joseph-de-maistre",1753,{"name":180,"slug":181,"birth_year":182},"Louis de Bonald","louis-de-bonald",1754,{"name":184,"slug":185,"birth_year":186},"William Wilberforce","william-wilberforce",1759,{"name":188,"slug":189,"birth_year":190},"François-René de Chateaubriand","francois-rene-de-chateaubriand",1768,{"name":192,"slug":193,"birth_year":194},"Samuel Taylor Coleridge","samuel-taylor-coleridge",1772,{"name":196,"slug":197,"birth_year":194},"Friedrich Schlegel","friedrich-schlegel",{"name":199,"slug":200,"birth_year":201},"Klemens von Metternich","klemens-von-metternich",1773,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":204,"slug":205,"birth_year":107},"Adam Müller","adam-muller",{"name":207,"slug":208,"birth_year":209},"John C. Calhoun","john-c-calhoun",1782,{"name":211,"slug":212,"birth_year":213},"Thomas Carlyle","thomas-carlyle",1795,{"name":215,"slug":216,"birth_year":217},"Benjamin Disraeli","benjamin-disraeli",1804,{"name":219,"slug":220,"birth_year":221},"Jefferson Davis","jefferson-davis",1808,{"name":223,"slug":224,"birth_year":225},"Otto von Bismarck","otto-von-bismarck",1815,{"name":227,"slug":228,"birth_year":229},"James Fitzjames Stephen","james-fitzjames-stephen",1829,{"name":231,"slug":232,"birth_year":233},"Heinrich von Treitschke","heinrich-von-treitschke",1834,{"name":235,"slug":236,"birth_year":237},"Charles Maurras","charles-maurras",1868,{"name":239,"slug":240,"birth_year":241},"Calvin Coolidge","calvin-coolidge",1872,{"name":243,"slug":244,"birth_year":245},"Winston Churchill","winston-churchill",1874,{"name":247,"slug":248,"birth_year":249},"Robert Taft","robert-taft",1889,{"name":251,"slug":252,"birth_year":253},"Charles de Gaulle","charles-de-gaulle",1890,{"name":255,"slug":256,"birth_year":253},"Dwight D. Eisenhower","dwight-d-eisenhower",{"name":258,"slug":259,"birth_year":260},"Michael Oakeshott","michael-oakeshott",1901,{"name":262,"slug":263,"birth_year":264},"Barry Goldwater","barry-goldwater",1909,{"name":266,"slug":267,"birth_year":264},"Frank Meyer","frank-meyer",{"name":269,"slug":270,"birth_year":271},"Richard Weaver","richard-weaver",1910,{"name":273,"slug":274,"birth_year":275},"Ronald Reagan","ronald-reagan",1911,{"name":277,"slug":278,"birth_year":279},"Enoch Powell","enoch-powell",1912,{"name":281,"slug":282,"birth_year":283},"Russell Kirk","russell-kirk",1918,{"name":285,"slug":286,"birth_year":287},"Irving Kristol","irving-kristol",1920,{"name":289,"slug":290,"birth_year":291},"Phyllis Schlafly","phyllis-schlafly",1924,{"name":293,"slug":294,"birth_year":295},"Margaret Thatcher","margaret-thatcher",1925,{"name":297,"slug":298,"birth_year":295},"William F. Buckley Jr.","william-f-buckley-jr",{"name":300,"slug":301,"birth_year":302},"Patrick Buchanan","patrick-buchanan",1938,{"name":304,"slug":305,"birth_year":306},"George Will","george-will",1941,{"name":308,"slug":309,"birth_year":310},"Roger Scruton","roger-scruton",1944,{"name":312,"slug":313,"birth_year":314},"Mitt Romney","mitt-romney",1947,{"name":316,"slug":317,"birth_year":318},"Jonathan Sacks","jonathan-sacks",1948,{"name":320,"slug":321,"birth_year":322},"Larry Hogan","larry-hogan",1956,{"name":324,"slug":325,"birth_year":326},"Lisa Murkowski","lisa-murkowski",1957,{"name":328,"slug":329,"birth_year":330},"Albert Mohler","albert-mohler",1959,{"name":332,"slug":333,"birth_year":334},"Michael Lind","michael-lind",1962,{"name":336,"slug":337,"birth_year":338},"Andrew Sullivan","andrew-sullivan",1963,{"name":340,"slug":341,"birth_year":342},"Yoram Hazony","yoram-hazony",1964,{"name":344,"slug":345,"birth_year":346},"Rod Dreher","rod-dreher",1967,{"name":348,"slug":349,"birth_year":350},"Jonah Goldberg","jonah-goldberg",1969,{"name":352,"slug":353,"birth_year":354},"Marco Rubio","marco-rubio",1971,{"name":356,"slug":357,"birth_year":358},"Ramesh Ponnuru","ramesh-ponnuru",1974,{"name":360,"slug":361,"birth_year":362},"Yuval Levin","yuval-levin",1977,{"name":364,"slug":365,"birth_year":366},"Reihan Salam","reihan-salam",1979,{"name":368,"slug":369,"birth_year":370},"Ben Shapiro","ben-shapiro",1984,{"name":372,"slug":373,"birth_year":370},"Christopher Rufo","christopher-rufo",{"name":375,"slug":376,"birth_year":112},"Clyde Wilson","clyde-wilson",{"name":378,"slug":379,"birth_year":112},"Harry Jaffa","harry-jaffa",{"name":381,"slug":382,"birth_year":112},"Paul Gottfried","paul-gottfried",{"name":384,"slug":385,"birth_year":112},"Peter Viereck","peter-viereck",{"name":387,"slug":388,"birth_year":112},"Robert Nisbet","robert-nisbet",{"name":390,"slug":391,"birth_year":112},"Wilhelm Röpke","wilhelm-ropke",{"name":393,"slug":394,"birth_year":112},"Ryszard Legutko","ryszard-legutko",{"name":396,"slug":397,"birth_year":112},"Samuel Francis","samuel-francis",{"name":399,"slug":400,"birth_year":112},"James Q. Wilson","james-q-wilson",{"name":402,"slug":403,"birth_year":112},"Charles Krauthammer","charles-krauthammer",{"name":405,"slug":406,"birth_year":112},"Norman Podhoretz","norman-podhoretz",{"name":408,"slug":409,"birth_year":112},"Charlie Kirk","charlie-kirk",{"name":411,"slug":412,"birth_year":112},"Henry Olsen","henry-olsen",{"name":414,"slug":415,"birth_year":112},"Michael Brendan Dougherty","michael-brendan-dougherty",{"cards":417,"influenced":424,"shapedBy":428,"outbound":429},[418],{"slug":419,"name":420,"type":421,"strength":422,"description":423},"johann-gottfried-herder","Johann Gottfried Herder","influenced","significant","The move Herder made about language and Burke about constitutions, applied to the one domain where legislators most confidently believe they are simply choosing.",[425],{"slug":426,"name":427},"karl-marx","Karl Marx",[],0]