[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-francois-quesnay":100,"$fAzBO40ugGs2qpbv-ok4l_4Co1-t7j78ofCYXk2gu0fM":292},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":128,"homeOut":129,"homeIn":143,"works":169,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":183},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1184,"francois-quesnay","François Quesnay","Court physician who founded the Physiocrats, drew the first model of an economy as a circular flow, and gave laissez-faire its programme.","François Quesnay was the son of a peasant, trained as a surgeon, became physician to Madame de Pompadour and then to Louis XV, and lived in an entresol at Versailles where the economists met. He turned to economics at sixty, having spent a career on the circulation of the blood, and the analogy is not accidental.\n\nThe Tableau Économique of 1758 is the first attempt to represent an entire economy as a system of flows. It divides society into three classes — the productive class working the land, the proprietors who receive rent, and the sterile class of artisans and merchants — and traces, through a zigzag diagram of payments, how the annual product circulates among them and reproduces itself. Mirabeau called it one of the three great inventions of humanity, alongside writing and money, which was excessive; but the idea that an economy is a self-reproducing circuit whose parts must balance is genuinely new here, and it is the ancestor of Marx's reproduction schemes, of input-output analysis, and of national accounts.\n\nThe doctrine attached to it is that only agriculture yields a net product — a surplus over what was consumed in producing it — while manufacture and trade merely transform values without adding to them. This is wrong, and it followed from an accurate perception of where the French surplus was actually being generated and an inaccurate theory of why. Its policy conclusions were more durable: a single tax on the net product of land, since all other taxes are ultimately paid out of it anyway; the removal of internal tolls and restrictions on the grain trade; and the abandonment of the whole Colbertist apparatus of regulation. Laissez faire, laissez passer belongs to this circle.\n\nUnderneath is a claim about natural order. There exists a natural and beneficial order of society discoverable by reason, and the sovereign's task is to recognise and enforce it rather than to design arrangements of his own — legal despotism, they called it, meaning absolute power exercised strictly within the natural law it did not create.\n\nAdam Smith spent 1765-66 in France, knew Quesnay, and later said that with all its imperfections the physiocratic system was the nearest approximation to the truth yet published on the subject; Dupont de Nemours reported he would have dedicated the Wealth of Nations to Quesnay had he lived.",1694,1774,"French","economist","Enlightenment",null,[],[115,122],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},44,"Enlightenment Philosophy","enlightenment-philosophy","The 18th century intellectual movement committed to reason, individual rights, equality, and the critical examination of inherited authority.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},13,"Political Economy","political-economy","The intellectual tradition that treats economics, politics, and social structure as a single integrated subject of inquiry.",[],[130,135,139],{"relation_type":131,"traditions":132},"descends_from",{"name":133,"slug":134},"Rationalism","rationalism",{"relation_type":131,"traditions":136},{"name":137,"slug":138},"Empiricism","empiricism",{"relation_type":131,"traditions":140},{"name":141,"slug":142},"Skepticism","skepticism",[144,148,152,157,161,165],{"relation_type":131,"traditions":145},{"name":146,"slug":147},"Deontological Ethics","deontological-ethics",{"relation_type":131,"traditions":149},{"name":150,"slug":151},"German Idealism","german-idealism",{"relation_type":153,"traditions":154},"reacts_against",{"name":155,"slug":156},"Conservatism","conservatism",{"relation_type":153,"traditions":158},{"name":159,"slug":160},"Romantic Political Thought","romantic-political-thought",{"relation_type":153,"traditions":162},{"name":163,"slug":164},"Critique of Modernity","critique-of-modernity",{"relation_type":153,"traditions":166},{"name":167,"slug":168},"Political Theology","political-theology",[170,177],{"title":171,"year":172,"year_display":173,"description":174,"kind":175,"sort_order":176},"Tableau Économique",1758,"1758","The first model of an economy as a circular flow of payments reproducing itself, and the ancestor of Marx's reproduction schemes and of national accounts.","work",1,{"title":178,"year":179,"year_display":180,"description":181,"kind":175,"sort_order":182},"Encyclopédie articles: Fermiers and Grains",1757,"1756-57","The physiocratic programme in the Encyclopédie: agriculture as the source of the net product, and free trade in grain.",2,[184,188,192,196,200,204,207,208,212,216,220,224,228,232,236,240,244,248,251,255,259,263,267,270,274,278,281,285,289],{"name":185,"slug":186,"birth_year":187},"Hugo Grotius","hugo-grotius",1583,{"name":189,"slug":190,"birth_year":191},"René Descartes","rene-descartes",1596,{"name":193,"slug":194,"birth_year":195},"Baruch Spinoza","baruch-spinoza",1632,{"name":197,"slug":198,"birth_year":199},"Christian Wolff","christian-wolff",1679,{"name":201,"slug":202,"birth_year":203},"Charles de Montesquieu","charles-de-montesquieu",1689,{"name":205,"slug":206,"birth_year":107},"Voltaire","voltaire",{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":209,"slug":210,"birth_year":211},"Benjamin Franklin","benjamin-franklin",1706,{"name":213,"slug":214,"birth_year":215},"Julien Offray de La Mettrie","julien-offray-de-la-mettrie",1709,{"name":217,"slug":218,"birth_year":219},"Frederick the Great","frederick-the-great",1712,{"name":221,"slug":222,"birth_year":223},"Denis Diderot","denis-diderot",1713,{"name":225,"slug":226,"birth_year":227},"Claude Adrien Helvétius","claude-adrien-helvetius",1715,{"name":229,"slug":230,"birth_year":231},"Jean le Rond d'Alembert","jean-le-rond-dalembert",1717,{"name":233,"slug":234,"birth_year":235},"Baron d'Holbach","baron-dholbach",1723,{"name":237,"slug":238,"birth_year":239},"Immanuel Kant","immanuel-kant",1724,{"name":241,"slug":242,"birth_year":243},"Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot","anne-robert-jacques-turgot",1727,{"name":245,"slug":246,"birth_year":247},"Catherine the Great","catherine-the-great",1729,{"name":249,"slug":250,"birth_year":247},"Gotthold Ephraim Lessing","gotthold-ephraim-lessing",{"name":252,"slug":253,"birth_year":254},"John Adams","john-adams",1735,{"name":256,"slug":257,"birth_year":258},"Thomas Paine","thomas-paine",1737,{"name":260,"slug":261,"birth_year":262},"Cesare Beccaria","cesare-beccaria",1738,{"name":264,"slug":265,"birth_year":266},"Marquis de Condorcet","marquis-de-condorcet",1743,{"name":268,"slug":269,"birth_year":266},"Thomas Jefferson","thomas-jefferson",{"name":271,"slug":272,"birth_year":273},"James Madison","james-madison",1751,{"name":275,"slug":276,"birth_year":277},"William Godwin","william-godwin",1756,{"name":279,"slug":280,"birth_year":172},"Maximilien Robespierre","maximilien-robespierre",{"name":282,"slug":283,"birth_year":284},"Mary Wollstonecraft","mary-wollstonecraft",1759,{"name":286,"slug":287,"birth_year":288},"Steven Pinker","steven-pinker",1954,{"name":290,"slug":291,"birth_year":112},"Carl Sagan","carl-sagan",{"cards":293,"influenced":294,"shapedBy":302,"outbound":303},[],[295,298,299],{"slug":296,"name":297},"adam-smith","Adam Smith",{"slug":242,"name":241},{"slug":300,"name":301},"karl-marx","Karl Marx",[],3]