[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-francisco-suarez":100,"$fQiEdF_7d3RTDr7XpY_Acw5xJvZ3rJrkvitZHSQfJUX0":351},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":138,"homeIn":143,"works":167,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":187},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1156,"francisco-suarez","Francisco Suárez","The last great scholastic, whose account of law as the command of a will, and of political power as arising in the community before it is transferred, reached Grotius and Locke.","Francisco Suárez was a Jesuit who taught at Rome, Alcalá, Salamanca and Coimbra, and whose Metaphysical Disputations of 1597 was the first systematic metaphysics in the West arranged by topic rather than as a commentary on Aristotle. It became the standard textbook in Protestant as well as Catholic universities, and Descartes, Leibniz and Schopenhauer all worked from it. He is the point at which scholasticism, having been declared obsolete, entered the philosophy that replaced it.\n\nDe Legibus of 1612 is the political work. Law, for Suárez, is an act of a superior's will directed to the common good and promulgated — reason discerns what is right, but obligation comes from a command. This puts him between the intellectualist tradition that grounded natural law in the structure of things and the voluntarism that grounded it in bare divine will: natural law is founded in rational nature, but binds because God wills it. The distinction mattered enormously to later jurisprudence, and it is one of the routes by which the idea that law requires a legislator entered secular legal theory.\n\nHis account of political authority is the more consequential half. Power to rule does not descend to any individual from God; it arises in the political community as a whole, immediately and by natural law, once men have formed a body politic. The community then transfers that power to a ruler by a compact, and the terms of the transfer determine the constitution. It follows that particular governments are of human institution, that the community retains rights against a ruler who becomes a tyrant, and — in the Defensio Fidei of 1613, written against James I's oath of allegiance — that a tyrannical ruler may in extremity be resisted. James had the book burned in London.\n\nThe transmission is direct and well documented. Grotius drew on him; Locke's Second Treatise cites Hooker, who worked in the same scholastic natural-law idiom; and the language of a community that holds power before it delegates it, and may reclaim it, passed into the constitutional arguments of the following century. Filmer wrote Patriarcha specifically to refute Suárez and Bellarmine.",1548,1617,"Spanish","theologian","Renaissance",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},34,"Natural Law","natural-law","The tradition that holds there are objective moral and political truths grounded in human nature, accessible to reason, and binding regardless of what particular societies happen to believe.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},35,"Scholasticism","scholasticism","The medieval intellectual tradition that combined classical philosophy with Christian theology through rigorous logical analysis.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},9,"Social Contract Theory","social-contract-theory","The tradition that grounds political legitimacy in a hypothetical agreement among free individuals about the terms of their common life.",[135],{"source_tradition_id":130,"target_tradition_id":118,"relation_type":136,"description":137},"descends_from","Rights held prior to government — the premise the contract theorists start from — is a natural-law inheritance, even where they secularise it.",[139],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":140},{"name":141,"slug":142},"Ancient Philosophy","ancient-philosophy",[144,148,150,154,158,162],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":145},{"name":146,"slug":147},"Catholic Political Thought","catholic-political-thought",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":149},{"name":131,"slug":132},{"relation_type":136,"traditions":151},{"name":152,"slug":153},"Classical Liberalism","classical-liberalism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":155},{"name":156,"slug":157},"Conservatism","conservatism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":159},{"name":160,"slug":161},"Black Political Thought","black-political-thought",{"relation_type":163,"traditions":164},"reacts_against",{"name":165,"slug":166},"Political Realism","political-realism",[168,175,181],{"title":169,"year":170,"year_display":171,"description":172,"kind":173,"sort_order":174},"De Legibus",1612,"1612","Law as an act of a superior's will directed to the common good, and political power arising in the community before it is transferred to a ruler.","work",1,{"title":176,"year":177,"year_display":178,"description":179,"kind":173,"sort_order":180},"Metaphysical Disputations",1597,"1597","The first systematic Western metaphysics arranged by topic rather than as commentary; the standard textbook in Protestant and Catholic universities alike.",2,{"title":182,"year":183,"year_display":184,"description":185,"kind":173,"sort_order":186},"Defensio Fidei",1613,"1613","Written against James I's oath of allegiance; argues a tyrannical ruler may in extremity be resisted. Burned in London.",3,[188,192,196,200,204,208,212,216,220,224,228,231,235,239,240,244,248,252,256,260,264,268,272,276,280,284,288,292,296,300,304,308,312,316,320,324,328,332,336,340,344,348],{"name":189,"slug":190,"birth_year":191},"Aristotle","aristotle",-384,{"name":193,"slug":194,"birth_year":195},"Marcus Tullius Cicero","cicero",-106,{"name":197,"slug":198,"birth_year":199},"Marcus Aurelius","marcus-aurelius",121,{"name":201,"slug":202,"birth_year":203},"John of Salisbury","john-of-salisbury",1120,{"name":205,"slug":206,"birth_year":207},"Averroes","averroes",1126,{"name":209,"slug":210,"birth_year":211},"Maimonides","maimonides",1138,{"name":213,"slug":214,"birth_year":215},"Thomas Aquinas","thomas-aquinas",1225,{"name":217,"slug":218,"birth_year":219},"John Duns Scotus","duns-scotus",1266,{"name":221,"slug":222,"birth_year":223},"Bartolus of Saxoferrato","bartolus-of-saxoferrato",1313,{"name":225,"slug":226,"birth_year":227},"Martin Luther","martin-luther",1483,{"name":229,"slug":230,"birth_year":227},"Francisco de Vitoria","francisco-de-vitoria",{"name":232,"slug":233,"birth_year":234},"John Calvin","john-calvin",1509,{"name":236,"slug":237,"birth_year":238},"Jean Bodin","jean-bodin",1530,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":241,"slug":242,"birth_year":243},"Richard Hooker","richard-hooker",1554,{"name":245,"slug":246,"birth_year":247},"Hugo Grotius","hugo-grotius",1583,{"name":249,"slug":250,"birth_year":251},"Samuel Rutherford","samuel-rutherford",1600,{"name":253,"slug":254,"birth_year":255},"John Lilburne","john-lilburne",1614,{"name":257,"slug":258,"birth_year":259},"Algernon Sidney","algernon-sidney",1623,{"name":261,"slug":262,"birth_year":263},"Samuel Pufendorf","samuel-pufendorf",1632,{"name":265,"slug":266,"birth_year":267},"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz","gottfried-wilhelm-leibniz",1646,{"name":269,"slug":270,"birth_year":271},"Christian Wolff","christian-wolff",1679,{"name":273,"slug":274,"birth_year":275},"Joseph de Maistre","joseph-de-maistre",1753,{"name":277,"slug":278,"birth_year":279},"Lysander Spooner","lysander-spooner",1808,{"name":281,"slug":282,"birth_year":283},"Abraham Lincoln","abraham-lincoln",1809,{"name":285,"slug":286,"birth_year":287},"Pope Leo XIII","pope-leo-xiii",1810,{"name":289,"slug":290,"birth_year":291},"Frederick Douglass","frederick-douglass",1818,{"name":293,"slug":294,"birth_year":295},"Harriet Tubman","harriet-tubman",1822,{"name":297,"slug":298,"birth_year":299},"Walter Rauschenbusch","walter-rauschenbusch",1861,{"name":301,"slug":302,"birth_year":303},"Mahatma Gandhi","mahatma-gandhi",1869,{"name":305,"slug":306,"birth_year":307},"Eleanor Roosevelt","eleanor-roosevelt",1884,{"name":309,"slug":310,"birth_year":311},"Dorothy Day","dorothy-day",1897,{"name":313,"slug":314,"birth_year":315},"C.S. Lewis","cs-lewis",1898,{"name":317,"slug":318,"birth_year":319},"Rosa Parks","rosa-parks",1913,{"name":321,"slug":322,"birth_year":323},"Russell Kirk","russell-kirk",1918,{"name":325,"slug":326,"birth_year":327},"César Chávez","cesar-chavez",1927,{"name":329,"slug":330,"birth_year":331},"Martin Luther King Jr.","martin-luther-king-jr",1929,{"name":333,"slug":334,"birth_year":335},"Robert George","robert-george",1955,{"name":337,"slug":338,"birth_year":339},"Gary Chartier","gary-chartier",1966,{"name":341,"slug":342,"birth_year":343},"Adrian Vermeule","adrian-vermeule",1968,{"name":345,"slug":346,"birth_year":347},"Ryan T. Anderson","ryan-t-anderson",1981,{"name":349,"slug":350,"birth_year":112},"Harry Jaffa","harry-jaffa",{"cards":352,"influenced":362,"shapedBy":364,"outbound":174},[353,357],{"slug":230,"name":229,"type":354,"strength":355,"description":356},"influenced","foundational","Suárez systematised what Vitoria had delivered as lectures, turning the law of nations into a worked doctrine of law itself.",{"slug":358,"name":359,"type":354,"strength":360,"description":361},"robert-bellarmine","Robert Bellarmine","significant","Both held that political power comes from God to the community and reaches the ruler by consent; Filmer named them together as the authors of the doctrine he wrote Patriarcha to destroy.",[363],{"slug":246,"name":245},[]]