[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-francisco-de-vitoria":100,"$fOrdtDLwOoQwoIavXux_Qb4_tBHqjsvK1ehViWm2Kjxc":309},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":140,"homeIn":154,"works":163,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":175},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1155,"francisco-de-vitoria","Francisco de Vitoria","The Salamanca Dominican who denied that discovery, papal grant or unbelief gave Spain title to the Indies, and founded the modern law of nations in the process.","Francisco de Vitoria held the prime chair of theology at Salamanca from 1526 and published nothing; what survives are his lectures, taken down by students, and they changed the law of nations.\n\nIn 1539 he delivered De Indis, on the question of what right Spain had to the Americas. He works through the justifications on offer and rejects each. The Indians were true owners of their lands before the Spaniards came, and neither mortal sin nor unbelief deprives a man of dominion, since dominion rests on natural law and not on grace. The emperor is not lord of the whole world. The pope has no temporal jurisdiction over unbelievers and could not grant what he does not hold. Discovery gives title only over things belonging to nobody, which these lands were not. Refusal to accept Christianity is no ground for war, since faith cannot be compelled and the gospel had not been preached to them in a way that obliged belief.\n\nHaving demolished the standard titles, he offers some that could in principle justify a Spanish presence — a right of natural society and communication, including travel and trade; a right to preach; protection of converts; and intervention against practices like human sacrifice — and these have been read both as a decent minimum and as the opening through which empire returned. What is not in dispute is the framework he built to state them. Vitoria argues that all peoples, Christian or not, belong to a single international community governed by a law of nations derived from natural law, binding on sovereigns who have no superior, and that the same rules apply to both parties in a war. From this he develops a theory of just war — right authority, just cause, right intention, proportionality, and the limits of what may be done to the innocent — in a form that remains recognisable.\n\nGrotius read him and cited him. So did Suárez, who systematised what Vitoria had lectured. The modern discipline of international law has since the nineteenth century named him among its founders, and the United Nations charter's premise, that sovereign peoples are members of a community with law between them, is his premise.",1483,1546,"Spanish","theologian","Renaissance",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},36,"Catholic Political Thought","catholic-political-thought","The tradition of political reflection within the Catholic intellectual tradition, from the early church fathers through the medieval scholastics to contemporary Catholic social teaching.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},34,"Natural Law","natural-law","The tradition that holds there are objective moral and political truths grounded in human nature, accessible to reason, and binding regardless of what particular societies happen to believe.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},35,"Scholasticism","scholasticism","The medieval intellectual tradition that combined classical philosophy with Christian theology through rigorous logical analysis.",[135,138],{"source_tradition_id":118,"target_tradition_id":124,"relation_type":136,"description":137},"descends_from","Natural law is the framework Catholic social teaching reasons in, from the medieval synthesis through to the modern encyclicals.",{"source_tradition_id":118,"target_tradition_id":130,"relation_type":136,"description":139},"Aquinas gave the tradition its systematic form, grounding law in reason and the common good; the School of Salamanca extended it to conquest and just war.",[141,143,145,150],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":142},{"name":131,"slug":132},{"relation_type":136,"traditions":144},{"name":125,"slug":126},{"relation_type":146,"traditions":147},"reacts_against",{"name":148,"slug":149},"Classical Liberalism","classical-liberalism",{"relation_type":146,"traditions":151},{"name":152,"slug":153},"Marxism","marxism",[155,159],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":156},{"name":157,"slug":158},"Distributism","distributism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":160},{"name":161,"slug":162},"Liberation Theology","liberation-theology",[164,171],{"title":165,"year":166,"year_display":167,"description":168,"kind":169,"sort_order":170},"De Indis",1539,"1539","Denies that discovery, papal grant or unbelief gave Spain title to the Americas, and builds a law of nations binding on sovereigns with no superior.","work",1,{"title":172,"year":166,"year_display":167,"description":173,"kind":169,"sort_order":174},"De Iure Belli","The conditions of a just war — authority, cause, intention, proportionality — and the limits of what may be done to the innocent.",2,[176,180,184,188,192,196,200,204,208,212,213,217,221,225,229,233,237,241,245,249,253,257,261,265,269,273,277,281,285,289,293,297,300,303,306],{"name":177,"slug":178,"birth_year":179},"Augustine of Hippo","augustine",354,{"name":181,"slug":182,"birth_year":183},"Anselm of Canterbury","anselm-of-canterbury",1033,{"name":185,"slug":186,"birth_year":187},"Thomas Aquinas","thomas-aquinas",1225,{"name":189,"slug":190,"birth_year":191},"Giles of Rome","giles-of-rome",1243,{"name":193,"slug":194,"birth_year":195},"Dante Alighieri","dante-alighieri",1265,{"name":197,"slug":198,"birth_year":199},"Jean Gerson","jean-gerson",1363,{"name":201,"slug":202,"birth_year":203},"Nicholas of Cusa","nicholas-of-cusa",1401,{"name":205,"slug":206,"birth_year":207},"Desiderius Erasmus","erasmus",1466,{"name":209,"slug":210,"birth_year":211},"Thomas More","thomas-more",1478,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":214,"slug":215,"birth_year":216},"John Calvin","john-calvin",1509,{"name":218,"slug":219,"birth_year":220},"Robert Bellarmine","robert-bellarmine",1542,{"name":222,"slug":223,"birth_year":224},"Louis de Bonald","louis-de-bonald",1754,{"name":226,"slug":227,"birth_year":228},"François-René de Chateaubriand","francois-rene-de-chateaubriand",1768,{"name":230,"slug":231,"birth_year":232},"Pope Leo XIII","pope-leo-xiii",1810,{"name":234,"slug":235,"birth_year":236},"Lord Acton","lord-acton",1834,{"name":238,"slug":239,"birth_year":240},"Hilaire Belloc","hilaire-belloc",1870,{"name":242,"slug":243,"birth_year":244},"G.K. Chesterton","g-k-chesterton",1874,{"name":246,"slug":247,"birth_year":248},"Francisco Franco","francisco-franco",1892,{"name":250,"slug":251,"birth_year":252},"Dorothy Day","dorothy-day",1897,{"name":254,"slug":255,"birth_year":256},"Pope John Paul II","pope-john-paul-ii",1920,{"name":258,"slug":259,"birth_year":260},"Alasdair MacIntyre","alasdair-macintyre",1929,{"name":262,"slug":263,"birth_year":264},"Pope Francis","pope-francis",1936,{"name":266,"slug":267,"birth_year":268},"Sister Simone Campbell","sister-simone-campbell",1945,{"name":270,"slug":271,"birth_year":272},"Timothy Dolan","timothy-dolan",1950,{"name":274,"slug":275,"birth_year":276},"Robert George","robert-george",1955,{"name":278,"slug":279,"birth_year":280},"Rusty Reno","rusty-reno",1959,{"name":282,"slug":283,"birth_year":284},"Phillip Blond","philip-blond",1966,{"name":286,"slug":287,"birth_year":288},"Adrian Vermeule","adrian-vermeule",1968,{"name":290,"slug":291,"birth_year":292},"Ross Douthat","ross-douthat",1979,{"name":294,"slug":295,"birth_year":296},"Sohrab Ahmari","sohrab-ahmari",1985,{"name":298,"slug":299,"birth_year":112},"Richard John Neuhaus","richard-john-neuhaus",{"name":301,"slug":302,"birth_year":112},"Gustavo Gutiérrez","gustavo-gutierrez",{"name":304,"slug":305,"birth_year":112},"Oscar Romero","oscar-romero",{"name":307,"slug":308,"birth_year":112},"Peter Maurin","peter-maurin",{"cards":310,"influenced":315,"shapedBy":322,"outbound":174},[311],{"slug":186,"name":185,"type":312,"strength":313,"description":314},"influenced","foundational","Vitoria lectured on the Summa rather than the Sentences and derived the rights of the Indians from Thomist natural law: dominion rests on nature, not on grace.",[316,319],{"slug":317,"name":318},"francisco-suarez","Francisco Suárez",{"slug":320,"name":321},"hugo-grotius","Hugo Grotius",[]]