[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-francis-bacon":100,"$fc_GwyWk5SC0h767rux85BZ2x9n2RL08yt9r-V_zO11I":205},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":128,"homeOut":129,"homeIn":140,"works":161,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":187},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1169,"francis-bacon","Francis Bacon","Lord Chancellor and prophet of the experimental method, who argued that knowledge is power and that nature yields her secrets only to organised, collaborative interrogation.","Francis Bacon rose to be Lord Chancellor of England and fell in 1621 when he confessed to taking gifts from litigants. The disgrace gave him five years to finish the programme that made him one of the most consequential writers in the history of science, though he was not himself a scientist of any distinction.\n\nHis diagnosis is that learning has stalled because it has been pursued wrongly. The syllogism, he says, is useless for discovery: it operates on notions already formed, and if the notions are confused no amount of valid inference will repair them. Scholastic philosophy is a spider spinning webs from itself; mere empirics are ants heaping up material; the true philosopher is the bee, gathering and then transforming. What is needed is a new instrument — the Novum Organum, set against Aristotle's Organon — proceeding by systematic collection of instances, including negative instances, and by a graduated ascent from particulars to axioms rather than a leap to the most general principles.\n\nHe is at his sharpest on why minds go wrong. The four idols are one of the enduring pieces of analysis in philosophy: idols of the tribe, the distortions built into human nature itself, which supposes more order than it finds and is moved more by affirmatives than negatives; idols of the cave, the private prejudices of individual temperament and education; idols of the marketplace, the confusions imposed by loose language, which he thought the worst; and idols of the theatre, the received systems that people accept as stage-plays of their own making.\n\nThe programme is collaborative and institutional rather than heroic, and this is his lasting political contribution to science. Knowledge accumulates only if the work is divided, recorded and continued by others, and New Atlantis describes a research institution — Salomon's House — with specialised roles, systematic experiment and publication. The Royal Society was founded a generation later by men who explicitly named him as its inspiration.\n\nHis moral position, that knowledge is to be sought for the relief of man's estate rather than for contemplation or display, set the terms in which European thought would understand the point of enquiry, and the objection that this makes nature an object of domination has been made against him from Blake to the Frankfurt School.",1561,1626,"English","philosopher","Early Modern",null,[],[115,122],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},10,"Empiricism","empiricism","The philosophical view that all knowledge comes from experience rather than from innate ideas or pure reason.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},62,"Political Philosophy","political-philosophy","The intellectual discipline of reflecting systematically on political life, its forms, and its possibilities.",[],[130,135],{"relation_type":131,"traditions":132},"reacts_against",{"name":133,"slug":134},"Rationalism","rationalism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":137},"descends_from",{"name":138,"slug":139},"Scholasticism","scholasticism",[141,145,149,153,157],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":142},{"name":143,"slug":144},"Enlightenment Philosophy","enlightenment-philosophy",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":146},{"name":147,"slug":148},"Scottish Enlightenment","scottish-enlightenment",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":150},{"name":151,"slug":152},"Utilitarianism","utilitarianism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":154},{"name":155,"slug":156},"Pragmatism","pragmatism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":158},{"name":159,"slug":160},"Materialism","materialism",[162,169,175,181],{"title":163,"year":164,"year_display":165,"description":166,"kind":167,"sort_order":168},"Novum Organum",1620,"1620","A new instrument set against Aristotle's: induction by systematic collection of instances, and the four idols that distort the mind.","work",1,{"title":170,"year":171,"year_display":172,"description":173,"kind":167,"sort_order":174},"The Advancement of Learning",1605,"1605","A survey of the state of knowledge and of what is missing from it, arguing that learning is to be pursued for the relief of man's estate.",2,{"title":176,"year":177,"year_display":178,"description":179,"kind":167,"sort_order":180},"New Atlantis",1627,"1627","Describes Salomon's House, a research institution with divided labour, systematic experiment and publication; the Royal Society named it as its model.",3,{"title":182,"year":183,"year_display":184,"description":185,"kind":167,"sort_order":186},"Essays",1625,"1597; expanded 1625","Short worldly essays on counsel, sedition, empire and ambition, written by a man who had practised all of them.",4,[188,192,193,197,201],{"name":189,"slug":190,"birth_year":191},"William of Ockham","william-of-ockham",1287,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":194,"slug":195,"birth_year":196},"John Locke","john-locke",1632,{"name":198,"slug":199,"birth_year":200},"David Hume","david-hume",1711,{"name":202,"slug":203,"birth_year":204},"Philip Tetlock","philip-tetlock",1954,{"cards":206,"influenced":207,"shapedBy":212,"outbound":174},[],[208,209],{"slug":195,"name":194},{"slug":210,"name":211},"thomas-hobbes","Thomas Hobbes",[]]