[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-francesco-guicciardini":100,"$f-f9sT6G-jDq0Yh4_EwSO_M-jrDNACmwxR5dto6f_O1o":313},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":138,"homeIn":146,"works":147,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":165},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1150,"francesco-guicciardini","Francesco Guicciardini","Papal governor, historian of Italy's ruin, and Machiavelli's friend and sharpest critic, who denied that history yields rules because circumstances never repeat.","Francesco Guicciardini was an ambassador at twenty-nine, governor of papal provinces, commissioner of the papal army, and an adviser to Medici popes through the catastrophe of the 1520s, including the sack of Rome. He was, unusually among political writers, a man who had exercised real power at the highest level for decades, and it shows in what he thought could be known.\n\nThe History of Italy, written in retirement and published after his death, covers the years from 1490 to 1534 — the period in which foreign invasion destroyed the independence of the Italian states. It is built from state papers and personal knowledge, it explains events by interest, miscalculation and accident rather than by providence or virtue, and it is generally regarded as the first modern work of history in scale, method and scepticism. Its picture is unrelieved: no actor in it is adequate to events, and the ruin follows from ordinary vanity and short-sightedness rather than from anything grand.\n\nHis disagreement with Machiavelli is the most instructive quarrel of the period, because it comes from inside the same tradition. In the Considerations on the Discourses he objects that Machiavelli reasons too readily from Roman examples to modern cases: circumstances differ in ways that matter, and to argue from the Romans as if their situation were ours is to be governed by an analogy. In the Ricordi — private maxims never meant for publication — he goes further and denies that general rules are available at all. Affairs must be judged by discretion, case by case, and discretion cannot be taught. He is contemptuous of those who talk about the people as though it were a wise body, sceptical that any constitution can secure good government, and candid that he has served rulers whose interests he despised because his own family's standing required it.\n\nThe result is a political realism darker than Machiavelli's because it lacks the hope. Machiavelli believed that a founder with sufficient virtù could still redeem a state; Guicciardini, who had watched more closely, did not.",1483,1540,"Italian","writer","Renaissance",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},37,"Political Realism","political-realism","The tradition that analyzes politics in terms of power, interest, and the actual behavior of human beings rather than in terms of ideals about how they ought to behave.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},161,"Renaissance Humanism","renaissance-humanism","The intellectual movement that recovered classical learning and made human experience, rather than theological authority, the center of philosophical reflection.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},40,"Republicanism","republicanism","The political tradition that emphasizes self-government, popular sovereignty, and the rule of citizens over themselves rather than rule by kings or aristocrats.",[135],{"source_tradition_id":118,"target_tradition_id":124,"relation_type":136,"description":137},"descends_from","Machiavelli worked from the same recovered Roman sources as the humanists, and drew conclusions about how rulers actually keep power that no scholastic authority would sanction.",[139,141],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":140},{"name":125,"slug":126},{"relation_type":142,"traditions":143},"reacts_against",{"name":144,"slug":145},"Natural Law","natural-law",[],[148,154,160],{"title":149,"year":108,"year_display":150,"description":151,"kind":152,"sort_order":153},"History of Italy","c. 1537-40","The ruin of Italian independence explained by interest, miscalculation and accident; the first modern history in scale and method.","work",1,{"title":155,"year":156,"year_display":157,"description":158,"kind":152,"sort_order":159},"Ricordi",1530,"c. 1512-30","Private maxims denying that general rules are available in politics: affairs must be judged case by case, and discretion cannot be taught.",2,{"title":161,"year":156,"year_display":162,"description":163,"kind":152,"sort_order":164},"Considerations on the Discourses of Machiavelli","c. 1530","Objects that Machiavelli reasons too readily from Roman examples, since circumstances differ in ways that matter.",3,[166,170,174,175,178,182,186,190,194,198,202,206,210,214,218,222,226,230,234,238,242,246,250,254,258,261,265,269,273,276,280,284,288,292,296,300,304,307,310],{"name":167,"slug":168,"birth_year":169},"Thucydides","thucydides",-460,{"name":171,"slug":172,"birth_year":173},"Niccolò Machiavelli","niccolo-machiavelli",1469,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":176,"slug":177,"birth_year":156},"Jean Bodin","jean-bodin",{"name":179,"slug":180,"birth_year":181},"Thomas Hobbes","thomas-hobbes",1588,{"name":183,"slug":184,"birth_year":185},"Frederick the Great","frederick-the-great",1712,{"name":187,"slug":188,"birth_year":189},"Catherine the Great","catherine-the-great",1729,{"name":191,"slug":192,"birth_year":193},"Napoleon Bonaparte","napoleon-bonaparte",1769,{"name":195,"slug":196,"birth_year":197},"Klemens von Metternich","klemens-von-metternich",1773,{"name":199,"slug":200,"birth_year":201},"Jefferson Davis","jefferson-davis",1808,{"name":203,"slug":204,"birth_year":205},"Otto von Bismarck","otto-von-bismarck",1815,{"name":207,"slug":208,"birth_year":209},"James Fitzjames Stephen","james-fitzjames-stephen",1829,{"name":211,"slug":212,"birth_year":213},"Heinrich von Treitschke","heinrich-von-treitschke",1834,{"name":215,"slug":216,"birth_year":217},"Vilfredo Pareto","vilfredo-pareto",1848,{"name":219,"slug":220,"birth_year":221},"Gaetano Mosca","gaetano-mosca",1858,{"name":223,"slug":224,"birth_year":225},"Winston Churchill","winston-churchill",1874,{"name":227,"slug":228,"birth_year":229},"Roberto Michels","roberto-michels",1876,{"name":231,"slug":232,"birth_year":233},"Mustafa Kemal Atatürk","mustafa-kemal-ataturk",1881,{"name":235,"slug":236,"birth_year":237},"Harry Truman","harry-truman",1884,{"name":239,"slug":240,"birth_year":241},"Carl Schmitt","carl-schmitt",1888,{"name":243,"slug":244,"birth_year":245},"Reinhold Niebuhr","reinhold-niebuhr",1892,{"name":247,"slug":248,"birth_year":249},"Golda Meir","golda-meir",1898,{"name":251,"slug":252,"birth_year":253},"George Kennan","george-kennan",1904,{"name":255,"slug":256,"birth_year":257},"James Burnham","james-burnham",1905,{"name":259,"slug":260,"birth_year":257},"Raymond Aron","raymond-aron",{"name":262,"slug":263,"birth_year":264},"Richard Nixon","richard-nixon",1913,{"name":266,"slug":267,"birth_year":268},"Augusto Pinochet","augusto-pinochet",1915,{"name":270,"slug":271,"birth_year":272},"Indira Gandhi","indira-gandhi",1917,{"name":274,"slug":275,"birth_year":272},"John F. Kennedy","john-f-kennedy",{"name":277,"slug":278,"birth_year":279},"Henry Kissinger","henry-kissinger",1923,{"name":281,"slug":282,"birth_year":283},"Jeane Kirkpatrick","jeane-kirkpatrick",1926,{"name":285,"slug":286,"birth_year":287},"Samuel Huntington","samuel-huntington",1927,{"name":289,"slug":290,"birth_year":291},"Joseph Nye","joseph-nye",1937,{"name":293,"slug":294,"birth_year":295},"Larry Ellison","larry-ellison",1944,{"name":297,"slug":298,"birth_year":299},"John Mearsheimer","john-mearsheimer",1947,{"name":301,"slug":302,"birth_year":303},"Aleksandr Dugin","aleksandr-dugin",1962,{"name":305,"slug":306,"birth_year":112},"Dominic Cummings","dominic-cummings",{"name":308,"slug":309,"birth_year":112},"Charles Krauthammer","charles-krauthammer",{"name":311,"slug":312,"birth_year":112},"Lee Kuan Yew","lee-kuan-yew",{"cards":314,"influenced":315,"shapedBy":317,"outbound":318},[],[316],{"slug":172,"name":171},[],0]