[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-etienne-de-la-boetie":100,"$f_juSvjCI_EAeHKv1A0WXd3eLnWdP3M_nASZhAiw9wuU":414},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":128,"homeOut":129,"homeIn":135,"works":136,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":144},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1152,"etienne-de-la-boetie","Étienne de La Boétie","Author of the Discourse on Voluntary Servitude, which asked not why tyrants rule but why the many obey, and answered that obedience is withdrawn simply by ceasing.","Étienne de La Boétie was a magistrate at Bordeaux who died at thirty-two, and would be entirely forgotten but for a short essay written in his youth and a friendship with Montaigne that produced the most famous account of friendship in European literature.\n\nThe Discourse on Voluntary Servitude reverses the standard question of political theory. It does not ask what entitles a ruler to obedience, or how power may be limited, but why millions of people obey one man who has no strength except what they lend him — who has no more eyes than they have, no more hands, and nothing that they have not given him. The answer is not force, since the tyrant's force is theirs. It is habit, custom, and the corruption of those who profit from the arrangement: a chain of dependents each of whom oppresses those below in exchange for a share from above, so that the tyranny is sustained by the tyrannised.\n\nThe practical conclusion is startling in its simplicity. Nothing needs to be taken from the tyrant; it is enough to give him nothing. Resolve to serve no more and you are free — the colossus falls of its own weight when the pedestal is withdrawn. It is the first clear statement of the theory of nonviolent noncooperation, that all power rests ultimately on consent and can be dissolved by mass withdrawal of it, and it was reprinted by Huguenots after the massacre of 1572, by revolutionaries in 1789, by Lamennais, by Tolstoy, and by twentieth-century theorists of civil resistance.\n\nMontaigne, who called him the greatest man of his age, published La Boétie's poems and translations but withheld the Discourse, alarmed by the company it had acquired among the religious militants — he wrote that his friend had composed it as a schoolboy exercise on a commonplace theme, which is probably a protective understatement. The essay On Friendship, written for him, contains the sentence that is the whole of their relation: because it was he, because it was I.",1530,1563,"French","writer","Renaissance",null,[],[115,122],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},62,"Political Philosophy","political-philosophy","The intellectual discipline of reflecting systematically on political life, its forms, and its possibilities.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},40,"Republicanism","republicanism","The political tradition that emphasizes self-government, popular sovereignty, and the rule of citizens over themselves rather than rule by kings or aristocrats.",[],[130],{"relation_type":131,"traditions":132},"descends_from",{"name":133,"slug":134},"Ancient Philosophy","ancient-philosophy",[],[137],{"title":138,"year":139,"year_display":140,"description":141,"kind":142,"sort_order":143},"Discourse on Voluntary Servitude",1553,"c. 1548-53","Asks why the many obey one man who has only the strength they lend him, and answers that they need only cease.","work",1,[145,149,153,157,161,165,169,173,177,181,185,189,193,197,200,201,205,209,212,216,220,224,228,232,236,240,244,248,252,256,260,264,267,271,275,279,283,287,291,295,299,303,307,311,315,319,323,326,330,334,338,342,346,350,354,358,362,366,370,373,377,380,384,388,392,396,400,404,408,411],{"name":146,"slug":147,"birth_year":148},"Confucius","confucius",-551,{"name":150,"slug":151,"birth_year":152},"Socrates","socrates",-470,{"name":154,"slug":155,"birth_year":156},"Xenophon","xenophon",-430,{"name":158,"slug":159,"birth_year":160},"Marcus Aurelius","marcus-aurelius",121,{"name":162,"slug":163,"birth_year":164},"Al-Farabi","al-farabi",872,{"name":166,"slug":167,"birth_year":168},"John of Salisbury","john-of-salisbury",1120,{"name":170,"slug":171,"birth_year":172},"Dante Alighieri","dante-alighieri",1265,{"name":174,"slug":175,"birth_year":176},"Marsilius of Padua","marsilius-of-padua",1275,{"name":178,"slug":179,"birth_year":180},"William of Ockham","william-of-ockham",1287,{"name":182,"slug":183,"birth_year":184},"Petrarch","petrarch",1304,{"name":186,"slug":187,"birth_year":188},"Leonardo Bruni","leonardo-bruni",1370,{"name":190,"slug":191,"birth_year":192},"Thomas More","thomas-more",1478,{"name":194,"slug":195,"birth_year":196},"Martin Luther","martin-luther",1483,{"name":198,"slug":199,"birth_year":107},"Jean Bodin","jean-bodin",{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":202,"slug":203,"birth_year":204},"Richard Hooker","richard-hooker",1554,{"name":206,"slug":207,"birth_year":208},"Francis Bacon","francis-bacon",1561,{"name":210,"slug":211,"birth_year":108},"Johannes Althusius","johannes-althusius",{"name":213,"slug":214,"birth_year":215},"Robert Filmer","robert-filmer",1588,{"name":217,"slug":218,"birth_year":219},"James Harrington","james-harrington",1611,{"name":221,"slug":222,"birth_year":223},"John Lilburne","john-lilburne",1614,{"name":225,"slug":226,"birth_year":227},"Algernon Sidney","algernon-sidney",1623,{"name":229,"slug":230,"birth_year":231},"Samuel Pufendorf","samuel-pufendorf",1632,{"name":233,"slug":234,"birth_year":235},"Pierre Bayle","pierre-bayle",1647,{"name":237,"slug":238,"birth_year":239},"Giambattista Vico","giambattista-vico",1668,{"name":241,"slug":242,"birth_year":243},"Voltaire","voltaire",1694,{"name":245,"slug":246,"birth_year":247},"Denis Diderot","denis-diderot",1713,{"name":249,"slug":250,"birth_year":251},"William Godwin","william-godwin",1756,{"name":253,"slug":254,"birth_year":255},"Arthur Schopenhauer","arthur-schopenhauer",1788,{"name":257,"slug":258,"birth_year":259},"Thomas Carlyle","thomas-carlyle",1795,{"name":261,"slug":262,"birth_year":263},"Abraham Lincoln","abraham-lincoln",1809,{"name":265,"slug":266,"birth_year":263},"Pierre-Joseph Proudhon","pierre-joseph-proudhon",{"name":268,"slug":269,"birth_year":270},"Herbert Spencer","herbert-spencer",1820,{"name":272,"slug":273,"birth_year":274},"Charles Sanders Peirce","charles-peirce",1839,{"name":276,"slug":277,"birth_year":278},"Georges Sorel","georges-sorel",1847,{"name":280,"slug":281,"birth_year":282},"Eduard Bernstein","eduard-bernstein",1850,{"name":284,"slug":285,"birth_year":286},"Walter Rauschenbusch","walter-rauschenbusch",1861,{"name":288,"slug":289,"birth_year":290},"Mahatma Gandhi","mahatma-gandhi",1869,{"name":292,"slug":293,"birth_year":294},"Vladimir Lenin","vladimir-lenin",1870,{"name":296,"slug":297,"birth_year":298},"Bertrand Russell","bertrand-russell",1872,{"name":300,"slug":301,"birth_year":302},"G.K. Chesterton","g-k-chesterton",1874,{"name":304,"slug":305,"birth_year":306},"Oswald Spengler","oswald-spengler",1880,{"name":308,"slug":309,"birth_year":310},"José Ortega y Gasset","jose-ortega-y-gasset",1883,{"name":312,"slug":313,"birth_year":314},"Walter Lippmann","walter-lippmann",1889,{"name":316,"slug":317,"birth_year":318},"Leo Strauss","leo-strauss",1899,{"name":320,"slug":321,"birth_year":322},"Eric Voegelin","eric-voegelin",1901,{"name":324,"slug":325,"birth_year":322},"Michael Oakeshott","michael-oakeshott",{"name":327,"slug":328,"birth_year":329},"Karl Popper","karl-popper",1902,{"name":331,"slug":332,"birth_year":333},"George Orwell","george-orwell",1903,{"name":335,"slug":336,"birth_year":337},"Raymond Aron","raymond-aron",1905,{"name":339,"slug":340,"birth_year":341},"Hannah Arendt","hannah-arendt",1906,{"name":343,"slug":344,"birth_year":345},"Simone Weil","simone-weil",1909,{"name":347,"slug":348,"birth_year":349},"Albert Camus","albert-camus",1913,{"name":351,"slug":352,"birth_year":353},"Russell Kirk","russell-kirk",1918,{"name":355,"slug":356,"birth_year":357},"Irving Kristol","irving-kristol",1920,{"name":359,"slug":360,"birth_year":361},"John Rawls","john-rawls",1921,{"name":363,"slug":364,"birth_year":365},"Judith Shklar","judith-shklar",1928,{"name":367,"slug":368,"birth_year":369},"Martin Luther King Jr.","martin-luther-king-jr",1929,{"name":371,"slug":372,"birth_year":369},"Alasdair MacIntyre","alasdair-macintyre",{"name":374,"slug":375,"birth_year":376},"Charles Taylor","charles-taylor",1931,{"name":378,"slug":379,"birth_year":376},"Richard Rorty","richard-rorty",{"name":381,"slug":382,"birth_year":383},"Michael Walzer","michael-walzer",1935,{"name":385,"slug":386,"birth_year":387},"Robert Nozick","robert-nozick",1938,{"name":389,"slug":390,"birth_year":391},"Roger Scruton","roger-scruton",1944,{"name":393,"slug":394,"birth_year":395},"Martha Nussbaum","martha-nussbaum",1947,{"name":397,"slug":398,"birth_year":399},"Francis Fukuyama","francis-fukuyama",1952,{"name":401,"slug":402,"birth_year":403},"Michael Sandel","michael-sandel",1953,{"name":405,"slug":406,"birth_year":407},"Jonathan Haidt","jonathan-haidt",1963,{"name":409,"slug":410,"birth_year":112},"G.A. Cohen","ga-cohen",{"name":412,"slug":413,"birth_year":112},"Amy Gutmann","amy-gutmann",{"cards":415,"influenced":416,"shapedBy":420,"outbound":143},[],[417],{"slug":418,"name":419},"michel-de-montaigne","Michel de Montaigne",[]]