[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-erasmus":100,"$frRxUfd9tHuop_xee4ZSdVFlAhgAnYF0VRhTqrW7M3G4":321},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":135,"homeIn":154,"works":163,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":187},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1149,"erasmus","Desiderius Erasmus","The scholar whose Greek New Testament made the Reformation possible and who then refused to join it, defending free will against Luther and moderation against everyone.","Erasmus was the illegitimate son of a priest, an unwilling Augustinian canon, and by the 1510s the most famous living writer in Europe, corresponding with popes, kings and reformers and belonging to none of their parties. He wrote in Latin of exceptional grace, edited the Church Fathers, and produced in the Adages a collection of classical proverbs that functioned as the common cultural currency of educated Europe.\n\nHis decisive work is the Novum Instrumentum of 1516, the first published Greek New Testament, printed with his own Latin translation alongside and notes justifying his departures from the Vulgate. The implication was radical whatever his intentions: the church's authorised text was a translation, translations can be wrong, and the original could be consulted. Luther translated from Erasmus's Greek. Tyndale used it. The reformers' appeal to scripture over tradition rested on the assumption Erasmus had made practical.\n\nHis own programme was the philosophia Christi — a Christianity of inward disposition and imitation rather than of ceremony, scholastic subtlety or ecclesiastical machinery. The Praise of Folly satirises monks, theologians and popes with a lightness that made it enormously popular and enormously resented. The Education of a Christian Prince, written for the future Charles V, argues that a ruler exists for his subjects, that war is almost never justified, and that a prince who taxes his people to fund glory is a thief — a mirror for princes as different from Machiavelli's Prince, published in manuscript three years later, as two books on one subject can be.\n\nWhen the break came he refused it. The dispute with Luther over free will in 1524-25 is the pivot: Erasmus argued that scripture is obscure on the question, that humility about what cannot be settled is the proper posture, and that some human cooperation in salvation must be preserved or moral effort becomes meaningless. Luther replied with contempt, insisting that assertion is the mark of a Christian. Erasmus was thereafter attacked from both sides, and the label affixed to him — that he laid the egg Luther hatched — was meant as an accusation.",1466,1536,"Dutch","writer","Renaissance",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},36,"Catholic Political Thought","catholic-political-thought","The tradition of political reflection within the Catholic intellectual tradition, from the early church fathers through the medieval scholastics to contemporary Catholic social teaching.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},158,"Political Theology","political-theology","The tradition of reflecting systematically on the relationship between religious concepts and political authority, and on how theological categories underlie ostensibly secular political thought.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},161,"Renaissance Humanism","renaissance-humanism","The intellectual movement that recovered classical learning and made human experience, rather than theological authority, the center of philosophical reflection.",[],[136,141,145,150],{"relation_type":137,"traditions":138},"descends_from",{"name":139,"slug":140},"Scholasticism","scholasticism",{"relation_type":137,"traditions":142},{"name":143,"slug":144},"Natural Law","natural-law",{"relation_type":146,"traditions":147},"reacts_against",{"name":148,"slug":149},"Classical Liberalism","classical-liberalism",{"relation_type":146,"traditions":151},{"name":152,"slug":153},"Marxism","marxism",[155,159],{"relation_type":137,"traditions":156},{"name":157,"slug":158},"Distributism","distributism",{"relation_type":137,"traditions":160},{"name":161,"slug":162},"Liberation Theology","liberation-theology",[164,171,177,181],{"title":165,"year":166,"year_display":167,"description":168,"kind":169,"sort_order":170},"Novum Instrumentum",1516,"1516","The first published Greek New Testament, with his own Latin alongside; Luther and Tyndale both translated from it.","work",1,{"title":172,"year":173,"year_display":174,"description":175,"kind":169,"sort_order":176},"The Praise of Folly",1511,"1511","A satire on monks, theologians and popes delivered by Folly herself, and the most widely read book of the northern Renaissance.",2,{"title":178,"year":166,"year_display":167,"description":179,"kind":169,"sort_order":180},"The Education of a Christian Prince","A ruler exists for his subjects, war is almost never justified, and a prince who taxes for glory is a thief.",3,{"title":182,"year":183,"year_display":184,"description":185,"kind":169,"sort_order":186},"On Free Will",1524,"1524","The break with Luther: scripture is obscure on the question, and some human cooperation must be preserved or moral effort is meaningless.",4,[188,192,196,200,204,208,212,216,217,221,225,229,233,237,241,245,249,253,257,261,265,269,273,277,281,285,289,293,297,301,305,309,312,315,318],{"name":189,"slug":190,"birth_year":191},"Augustine of Hippo","augustine",354,{"name":193,"slug":194,"birth_year":195},"Anselm of Canterbury","anselm-of-canterbury",1033,{"name":197,"slug":198,"birth_year":199},"Thomas Aquinas","thomas-aquinas",1225,{"name":201,"slug":202,"birth_year":203},"Giles of Rome","giles-of-rome",1243,{"name":205,"slug":206,"birth_year":207},"Dante Alighieri","dante-alighieri",1265,{"name":209,"slug":210,"birth_year":211},"Jean Gerson","jean-gerson",1363,{"name":213,"slug":214,"birth_year":215},"Nicholas of Cusa","nicholas-of-cusa",1401,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":218,"slug":219,"birth_year":220},"Thomas More","thomas-more",1478,{"name":222,"slug":223,"birth_year":224},"Francisco de Vitoria","francisco-de-vitoria",1483,{"name":226,"slug":227,"birth_year":228},"John Calvin","john-calvin",1509,{"name":230,"slug":231,"birth_year":232},"Robert Bellarmine","robert-bellarmine",1542,{"name":234,"slug":235,"birth_year":236},"Louis de Bonald","louis-de-bonald",1754,{"name":238,"slug":239,"birth_year":240},"François-René de Chateaubriand","francois-rene-de-chateaubriand",1768,{"name":242,"slug":243,"birth_year":244},"Pope Leo XIII","pope-leo-xiii",1810,{"name":246,"slug":247,"birth_year":248},"Lord Acton","lord-acton",1834,{"name":250,"slug":251,"birth_year":252},"Hilaire Belloc","hilaire-belloc",1870,{"name":254,"slug":255,"birth_year":256},"G.K. Chesterton","g-k-chesterton",1874,{"name":258,"slug":259,"birth_year":260},"Francisco Franco","francisco-franco",1892,{"name":262,"slug":263,"birth_year":264},"Dorothy Day","dorothy-day",1897,{"name":266,"slug":267,"birth_year":268},"Pope John Paul II","pope-john-paul-ii",1920,{"name":270,"slug":271,"birth_year":272},"Alasdair MacIntyre","alasdair-macintyre",1929,{"name":274,"slug":275,"birth_year":276},"Pope Francis","pope-francis",1936,{"name":278,"slug":279,"birth_year":280},"Sister Simone Campbell","sister-simone-campbell",1945,{"name":282,"slug":283,"birth_year":284},"Timothy Dolan","timothy-dolan",1950,{"name":286,"slug":287,"birth_year":288},"Robert George","robert-george",1955,{"name":290,"slug":291,"birth_year":292},"Rusty Reno","rusty-reno",1959,{"name":294,"slug":295,"birth_year":296},"Phillip Blond","philip-blond",1966,{"name":298,"slug":299,"birth_year":300},"Adrian Vermeule","adrian-vermeule",1968,{"name":302,"slug":303,"birth_year":304},"Ross Douthat","ross-douthat",1979,{"name":306,"slug":307,"birth_year":308},"Sohrab Ahmari","sohrab-ahmari",1985,{"name":310,"slug":311,"birth_year":112},"Richard John Neuhaus","richard-john-neuhaus",{"name":313,"slug":314,"birth_year":112},"Gustavo Gutiérrez","gustavo-gutierrez",{"name":316,"slug":317,"birth_year":112},"Oscar Romero","oscar-romero",{"name":319,"slug":320,"birth_year":112},"Peter Maurin","peter-maurin",{"cards":322,"influenced":329,"shapedBy":334,"outbound":170},[323],{"slug":324,"name":325,"type":326,"strength":327,"description":328},"lorenzo-valla","Lorenzo Valla","influenced","foundational","Erasmus found Valla's Annotations on the New Testament in 1504, published them, and built his own Greek New Testament on the same premise: that the Vulgate is a translation and can be checked.",[330,333],{"slug":331,"name":332},"martin-luther","Martin Luther",{"slug":219,"name":218},[]]