[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-emile-durkheim":100,"$fDfAXhuDFgbrot9VUcZGxEzyw2AcO_zRuaqCkTSJ451g":158},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":17,"name":18},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":20,"name":21},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":23,"name":24},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":26,"name":27},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":29,"name":30},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":32,"name":33},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":35,"name":36},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":38,"name":39},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":41,"name":42},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":44,"name":45},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":47,"name":48},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":53,"name":54},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":56,"name":57},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":122,"homeOut":123,"homeIn":133,"works":147,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":148},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1247,"emile-durkheim","Émile Durkheim","Made sociology a discipline by insisting that social facts are real things, external to individuals and explicable only by other social facts.","Durkheim turned Comte's program into a working science by establishing what its object was and how it could be studied without collapsing into psychology.\n\nHis founding rule is that social facts must be treated as things: they exist outside any particular individual, they exercise constraint on him, and they are to be explained by other social facts rather than by the intentions of the people who bear them. Language, law, currency and religion are not the sum of individual choices; they precede each individual and shape what he can choose.\n\nThe Division of Labour in Society (1893) argued that solidarity itself changes form as societies grow more differentiated — from a mechanical likeness in which people are bound by shared belief, to an organic interdependence in which they are bound by needing one another. Suicide (1897) is the demonstration piece: the most private imaginable act shows stable rates that vary by confession, marital status and political circumstance, and therefore belongs to the group rather than the person. It also gave the discipline anomie — the condition in which the norms regulating desire have broken down, which he thought the characteristic pathology of rapid modernisation.\n\nThe politics is liberal but not individualist. Durkheim held that the state exists to free the individual from the local groups that would otherwise dominate him, but that a society of individuals facing an unmediated state is unstable; his proposed remedy was occupational corporations standing between the two. That argument runs directly into twentieth-century pluralism and the corporatist strands of both social democracy and Catholic social teaching.",1858,1917,"French","academic","Modern",null,[],[115],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},494,"Positivism","positivism","That society can be studied by the methods that succeeded in the natural sciences, and governed on the results — knowledge advancing from the theological through the metaphysical to the positive.",[],[124,129],{"relation_type":125,"traditions":126},"descends_from",{"name":127,"slug":128},"Enlightenment Philosophy","enlightenment-philosophy",{"relation_type":125,"traditions":130},{"name":131,"slug":132},"Utopian Socialism","utopian-socialism",[134,138,143],{"relation_type":125,"traditions":135},{"name":136,"slug":137},"Political Sociology","political-sociology",{"relation_type":139,"traditions":140},"reacts_against",{"name":141,"slug":142},"Critique of Modernity","critique-of-modernity",{"relation_type":139,"traditions":144},{"name":145,"slug":146},"Postmodernism","postmodernism",[],[149,153,157],{"name":150,"slug":151,"birth_year":152},"Henri de Saint-Simon","henri-de-saint-simon",1760,{"name":154,"slug":155,"birth_year":156},"Auguste Comte","auguste-comte",1798,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"cards":159,"influenced":160,"shapedBy":161,"outbound":162},[],[],[],0]