[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-duns-scotus":100,"$f_naIdy9dR-pKvyRYhIQ7L49J2lueNwegkYHtviKQPfc":234},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":135,"homeIn":141,"works":146,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":160},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1138,"duns-scotus","John Duns Scotus","The Subtle Doctor, whose insistence that the will is free even from the intellect's judgement opened the road to voluntarism in ethics, theology and law.","John Duns Scotus was a Franciscan from the Scottish borders who taught at Oxford, Paris and Cologne and died at forty-two, leaving work in a state his students spent decades sorting out. He was called the Subtle Doctor for the fineness of his distinctions; the sixteenth century, out of patience with them, made his name into the word dunce.\n\nThree of his positions changed the shape of later thought. The first is the univocity of being: against Aquinas, who held that being is said of God and creatures only by analogy, Scotus argued that the concept must be univocal — the same in sense — or no argument from creatures could reach God at all, since the middle term would shift meaning. This is a technical point with enormous consequences, and much of the later story of metaphysics, including the complaint that Western thought reduced God to an item within being, traces to it.\n\nThe second is haecceity, thisness: the principle by which an individual is this individual and not merely an instance of a kind. Scotus insisted that individuality is a positive perfection, not a limitation imposed by matter. The result is a metaphysics in which the particular is more real, not less, than the universal.\n\nThe third is the priority of will. For Scotus the will is not determined by the intellect's judgement of what is best; it is self-determining, and a rational appetite is precisely one that can choose otherwise in the same circumstances. He extends this to God: the moral law, apart from the precepts of the first table that follow from the divine nature itself, is what God wills rather than something God recognises. Obligation depends on a command, not merely on the structure of things.\n\nThat last move is where his political importance lies. If law is at bottom an act of will by a competent authority, then legal positivism has a theological ancestor, and the natural-law tradition acquires a rival within itself that it has never fully absorbed. Ockham pushed the voluntarist line further; through the Franciscan poverty controversy Scotus's account of rights as claims belonging to persons fed into the subjective language of rights that Grotius and Locke inherited.",1266,1308,"Scottish","philosopher","Medieval",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},8,"Moral Philosophy","moral-philosophy","The discipline of reflecting systematically on ethics, virtue, and the conditions of a good life.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},34,"Natural Law","natural-law","The tradition that holds there are objective moral and political truths grounded in human nature, accessible to reason, and binding regardless of what particular societies happen to believe.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},35,"Scholasticism","scholasticism","The medieval intellectual tradition that combined classical philosophy with Christian theology through rigorous logical analysis.",[],[136],{"relation_type":137,"traditions":138},"descends_from",{"name":139,"slug":140},"Ancient Philosophy","ancient-philosophy",[142],{"relation_type":137,"traditions":143},{"name":144,"slug":145},"Political Economy","political-economy",[147,154],{"title":148,"year":149,"year_display":150,"description":151,"kind":152,"sort_order":153},"Ordinatio",1300,"c. 1300-04","His own revision of the Oxford commentary on the Sentences, containing the univocity of being, haecceity, and the priority of will.","work",1,{"title":155,"year":156,"year_display":157,"description":158,"kind":152,"sort_order":159},"Quaestiones Quodlibetales",1307,"c. 1306-07","The Paris disputations of his last years, and the most mature statement of his metaphysics.",2,[161,165,169,173,177,181,182,186,190,194,198,202,206,210,214,218,222,226,230],{"name":162,"slug":163,"birth_year":164},"Confucius","confucius",-551,{"name":166,"slug":167,"birth_year":168},"Socrates","socrates",-470,{"name":170,"slug":171,"birth_year":172},"Seneca","seneca",4,{"name":174,"slug":175,"birth_year":176},"Epictetus","epictetus",50,{"name":178,"slug":179,"birth_year":180},"Peter Abelard","peter-abelard",1079,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":183,"slug":184,"birth_year":185},"Francis Hutcheson","francis-hutcheson",1694,{"name":187,"slug":188,"birth_year":189},"Henry Home, Lord Kames","lord-kames",1696,{"name":191,"slug":192,"birth_year":193},"Thomas Reid","thomas-reid",1710,{"name":195,"slug":196,"birth_year":197},"Adam Smith","adam-smith",1723,{"name":199,"slug":200,"birth_year":201},"Dugald Stewart","dugald-stewart",1753,{"name":203,"slug":204,"birth_year":205},"Arthur Schopenhauer","arthur-schopenhauer",1788,{"name":207,"slug":208,"birth_year":209},"Charles Sanders Peirce","charles-peirce",1839,{"name":211,"slug":212,"birth_year":213},"Bertrand Russell","bertrand-russell",1872,{"name":215,"slug":216,"birth_year":217},"Reinhold Niebuhr","reinhold-niebuhr",1892,{"name":219,"slug":220,"birth_year":221},"Peter Singer","peter-singer",1946,{"name":223,"slug":224,"birth_year":225},"Jonathan Haidt","jonathan-haidt",1963,{"name":227,"slug":228,"birth_year":229},"Nick Bostrom","nick-bostrom",1973,{"name":231,"slug":232,"birth_year":233},"Eliezer Yudkowsky","eliezer-yudkowsky",1979,{"cards":235,"influenced":236,"shapedBy":240,"outbound":153},[],[237],{"slug":238,"name":239},"william-of-ockham","William of Ockham",[]]