[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-dante-alighieri":100,"$fjUBrv2DeOhQqErndTgu4DXveCuztHu0fxpteW2ZAReY":293},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":135,"homeIn":154,"works":163,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":183},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1140,"dante-alighieri","Dante Alighieri","The poet of the Commedia, who also wrote the most rigorous medieval argument for a universal secular monarchy independent of the church.","Dante was a Florentine of the governing class who was exiled for life in 1302 when his faction lost, condemned to be burned if he returned, and never went back. Everything he wrote afterwards was written by a man with a grievance against the politics of his city and a theory about what had gone wrong with the world.\n\nThe Commedia is not usually read as political theory, but it is saturated with judgement: popes are in hell for simony, Florence is denounced in every canticle, and the design of the poem asserts that there is an order in which every soul is placed exactly where its choices put it. The lowest circle holds traitors to lords and benefactors, which is a political conviction about the gravity of broken faith.\n\nThe Monarchia, written in Latin around 1313, is the argument stated directly, and it is startlingly systematic. It asks three questions. Is a universal monarchy necessary for the world's wellbeing? Did the Roman people acquire that office by right? Does the monarch's authority come from God directly or through the pope? Dante answers yes, yes, and directly. The first argument is the most interesting: humanity has a capacity — the full actualisation of the intellect — that no individual and no single city can realise, and which requires peace, and peace requires a judge above all disputes, since where two princes are equals neither can judge the other. Universal monarchy is therefore a condition of humanity fulfilling its distinctive end.\n\nThe third book is the polemical one. Against the hierocratic case that Giles of Rome had made at full strength, Dante argues that humanity has two ends, blessedness in this life and blessedness in the next, and that God has provided two guides for them: the emperor by philosophy for the first, the pope by revelation for the second. Neither derives from the other. The empire existed and was legitimate before the church, and so cannot owe its authority to it.\n\nThe book was burned as heretical, placed on the Index, and remained there until 1881. It is the clearest medieval statement of the autonomy of secular authority, and its argument that political power answers to a natural human end rather than to ecclesiastical grant is one of the routes by which the idea of a self-standing political sphere entered European thought.",1265,1321,"Italian","writer","Medieval",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},36,"Catholic Political Thought","catholic-political-thought","The tradition of political reflection within the Catholic intellectual tradition, from the early church fathers through the medieval scholastics to contemporary Catholic social teaching.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},62,"Political Philosophy","political-philosophy","The intellectual discipline of reflecting systematically on political life, its forms, and its possibilities.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},40,"Republicanism","republicanism","The political tradition that emphasizes self-government, popular sovereignty, and the rule of citizens over themselves rather than rule by kings or aristocrats.",[],[136,141,145,150],{"relation_type":137,"traditions":138},"descends_from",{"name":139,"slug":140},"Scholasticism","scholasticism",{"relation_type":137,"traditions":142},{"name":143,"slug":144},"Natural Law","natural-law",{"relation_type":146,"traditions":147},"reacts_against",{"name":148,"slug":149},"Classical Liberalism","classical-liberalism",{"relation_type":146,"traditions":151},{"name":152,"slug":153},"Marxism","marxism",[155,159],{"relation_type":137,"traditions":156},{"name":157,"slug":158},"Distributism","distributism",{"relation_type":137,"traditions":160},{"name":161,"slug":162},"Liberation Theology","liberation-theology",[164,171,177],{"title":165,"year":166,"year_display":167,"description":168,"kind":169,"sort_order":170},"Monarchia",1313,"c. 1313","Argues that universal monarchy is necessary to humanity's end, that Rome held it by right, and that its authority comes from God directly and not through the pope.","work",1,{"title":172,"year":173,"year_display":174,"description":175,"kind":169,"sort_order":176},"The Divine Comedy",1320,"c. 1308-20","A cosmology of judgement in which popes are damned for simony and the lowest circle is reserved for traitors to lords and benefactors.",2,{"title":178,"year":179,"year_display":180,"description":181,"kind":169,"sort_order":182},"Convivio",1307,"c. 1304-07","An unfinished vernacular encyclopedia arguing that nobility is a matter of individual virtue rather than descent.",3,[184,188,192,196,200,201,205,209,213,217,221,225,229,233,237,241,245,249,253,257,261,265,269,273,277,281,284,287,290],{"name":185,"slug":186,"birth_year":187},"Augustine of Hippo","augustine",354,{"name":189,"slug":190,"birth_year":191},"Anselm of Canterbury","anselm-of-canterbury",1033,{"name":193,"slug":194,"birth_year":195},"Thomas Aquinas","thomas-aquinas",1225,{"name":197,"slug":198,"birth_year":199},"Giles of Rome","giles-of-rome",1243,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":202,"slug":203,"birth_year":204},"Jean Gerson","jean-gerson",1363,{"name":206,"slug":207,"birth_year":208},"Nicholas of Cusa","nicholas-of-cusa",1401,{"name":210,"slug":211,"birth_year":212},"Thomas More","thomas-more",1478,{"name":214,"slug":215,"birth_year":216},"John Calvin","john-calvin",1509,{"name":218,"slug":219,"birth_year":220},"Pope Leo XIII","pope-leo-xiii",1810,{"name":222,"slug":223,"birth_year":224},"Hilaire Belloc","hilaire-belloc",1870,{"name":226,"slug":227,"birth_year":228},"G.K. Chesterton","g-k-chesterton",1874,{"name":230,"slug":231,"birth_year":232},"Francisco Franco","francisco-franco",1892,{"name":234,"slug":235,"birth_year":236},"Dorothy Day","dorothy-day",1897,{"name":238,"slug":239,"birth_year":240},"Pope John Paul II","pope-john-paul-ii",1920,{"name":242,"slug":243,"birth_year":244},"Alasdair MacIntyre","alasdair-macintyre",1929,{"name":246,"slug":247,"birth_year":248},"Pope Francis","pope-francis",1936,{"name":250,"slug":251,"birth_year":252},"Sister Simone Campbell","sister-simone-campbell",1945,{"name":254,"slug":255,"birth_year":256},"Timothy Dolan","timothy-dolan",1950,{"name":258,"slug":259,"birth_year":260},"Robert George","robert-george",1955,{"name":262,"slug":263,"birth_year":264},"Rusty Reno","rusty-reno",1959,{"name":266,"slug":267,"birth_year":268},"Phillip Blond","philip-blond",1966,{"name":270,"slug":271,"birth_year":272},"Adrian Vermeule","adrian-vermeule",1968,{"name":274,"slug":275,"birth_year":276},"Ross Douthat","ross-douthat",1979,{"name":278,"slug":279,"birth_year":280},"Sohrab Ahmari","sohrab-ahmari",1985,{"name":282,"slug":283,"birth_year":112},"Richard John Neuhaus","richard-john-neuhaus",{"name":285,"slug":286,"birth_year":112},"Gustavo Gutiérrez","gustavo-gutierrez",{"name":288,"slug":289,"birth_year":112},"Oscar Romero","oscar-romero",{"name":291,"slug":292,"birth_year":112},"Peter Maurin","peter-maurin",{"cards":294,"influenced":295,"shapedBy":299,"outbound":170},[],[296],{"slug":297,"name":298},"niccolo-machiavelli","Niccolò Machiavelli",[]]