[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-christian-wolff":100,"$fWnoN1sLQ1TL2U6N-8jBzieqXAW9u-kM1-9q3Gslqsm4":299},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":138,"homeIn":149,"works":175,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":189},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1183,"christian-wolff","Christian Wolff","The systematiser who turned Leibniz into a curriculum, gave German its philosophical vocabulary, and was expelled from Prussia in forty-eight hours for teaching that Chinese morality needed no revelation.","Christian Wolff taught at Halle and was, for a generation, simply what philosophy meant in Germany. He took Leibniz's scattered insights and built them into an ordered system covering logic, metaphysics, natural theology, physics, ethics, politics and law, presented in a demonstrative form modelled on mathematics, and published it twice over — in German for a wide audience and in Latin for Europe.\n\nThe German publication is more consequential than it sounds. Philosophy in Germany had been conducted in Latin; Wolff wrote it in the vernacular and had to invent the terms as he went. Bewusstsein, Begriff, Verhältnis, Vorstellung — much of the vocabulary that Kant, Hegel and their successors used was coined or fixed by Wolff, and German became a philosophical language largely through his textbooks.\n\nIn 1721 he gave a public oration on the practical philosophy of the Chinese, arguing that Confucius had produced a workable morality on natural reason alone, without revelation, and that this demonstrated the sufficiency of reason in ethics. His pietist colleagues reported him to the king; they added that his determinism would excuse army deserters, which was the argument that told. Frederick William I ordered him to leave Prussian territory within forty-eight hours on pain of hanging. He went to Marburg, became more famous for the persecution than he had been for the philosophy, and was recalled in triumph by Frederick the Great in 1740 as one of the new reign's first acts. The episode became the founding parable of the German Enlightenment.\n\nHis political and legal writing extended natural law in a distinctive direction. Wolff held that the duty of self-perfection is the ground of all obligation, and that the state exists to promote the welfare and perfection of its subjects — a positive, developmental account of the state's purpose rather than a merely protective one. This is the theoretical basis of enlightened absolutism and of the well-ordered police state in its eighteenth-century sense, and it is the tradition Kant reacted against when he insisted that no government may make its subjects happy on its own conception of happiness.\n\nKant was raised on Wolffian textbooks and lectured from them for decades, and the critical philosophy is in large part an accounting with what Wolff had claimed reason could do unaided.",1679,1754,"German","philosopher","Enlightenment",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},44,"Enlightenment Philosophy","enlightenment-philosophy","The 18th century intellectual movement committed to reason, individual rights, equality, and the critical examination of inherited authority.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},34,"Natural Law","natural-law","The tradition that holds there are objective moral and political truths grounded in human nature, accessible to reason, and binding regardless of what particular societies happen to believe.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},159,"Rationalism","rationalism","The philosophical tradition that holds reason rather than sensory experience is the primary source of knowledge and moral truth.",[135],{"source_tradition_id":118,"target_tradition_id":130,"relation_type":136,"description":137},"descends_from","The German and French strands worked from the rationalist confidence that reason can establish substantive truths about the world.",[139,141,145],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":140},{"name":131,"slug":132},{"relation_type":136,"traditions":142},{"name":143,"slug":144},"Empiricism","empiricism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":146},{"name":147,"slug":148},"Skepticism","skepticism",[150,154,158,163,167,171],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":151},{"name":152,"slug":153},"Deontological Ethics","deontological-ethics",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":155},{"name":156,"slug":157},"German Idealism","german-idealism",{"relation_type":159,"traditions":160},"reacts_against",{"name":161,"slug":162},"Conservatism","conservatism",{"relation_type":159,"traditions":164},{"name":165,"slug":166},"Romantic Political Thought","romantic-political-thought",{"relation_type":159,"traditions":168},{"name":169,"slug":170},"Critique of Modernity","critique-of-modernity",{"relation_type":159,"traditions":172},{"name":173,"slug":174},"Political Theology","political-theology",[176,183],{"title":177,"year":178,"year_display":179,"description":180,"kind":181,"sort_order":182},"Rational Thoughts on God, the World and the Soul of Man",1720,"1720","The German metaphysics: Leibniz turned into an ordered system, in a vernacular whose philosophical vocabulary Wolff largely had to invent.","work",1,{"title":184,"year":185,"year_display":186,"description":187,"kind":181,"sort_order":188},"Oration on the Practical Philosophy of the Chinese",1721,"1721","Argued that Confucius produced a workable morality on natural reason alone; Frederick William I ordered him out of Prussia in forty-eight hours on pain of hanging.",2,[190,194,198,202,203,207,211,214,218,222,226,230,234,238,242,246,250,254,257,261,265,269,273,276,280,284,288,292,296],{"name":191,"slug":192,"birth_year":193},"Hugo Grotius","hugo-grotius",1583,{"name":195,"slug":196,"birth_year":197},"René Descartes","rene-descartes",1596,{"name":199,"slug":200,"birth_year":201},"Baruch Spinoza","baruch-spinoza",1632,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":204,"slug":205,"birth_year":206},"Charles de Montesquieu","charles-de-montesquieu",1689,{"name":208,"slug":209,"birth_year":210},"Voltaire","voltaire",1694,{"name":212,"slug":213,"birth_year":210},"François Quesnay","francois-quesnay",{"name":215,"slug":216,"birth_year":217},"Benjamin Franklin","benjamin-franklin",1706,{"name":219,"slug":220,"birth_year":221},"Julien Offray de La Mettrie","julien-offray-de-la-mettrie",1709,{"name":223,"slug":224,"birth_year":225},"Frederick the Great","frederick-the-great",1712,{"name":227,"slug":228,"birth_year":229},"Denis Diderot","denis-diderot",1713,{"name":231,"slug":232,"birth_year":233},"Claude Adrien Helvétius","claude-adrien-helvetius",1715,{"name":235,"slug":236,"birth_year":237},"Jean le Rond d'Alembert","jean-le-rond-dalembert",1717,{"name":239,"slug":240,"birth_year":241},"Baron d'Holbach","baron-dholbach",1723,{"name":243,"slug":244,"birth_year":245},"Immanuel Kant","immanuel-kant",1724,{"name":247,"slug":248,"birth_year":249},"Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot","anne-robert-jacques-turgot",1727,{"name":251,"slug":252,"birth_year":253},"Catherine the Great","catherine-the-great",1729,{"name":255,"slug":256,"birth_year":253},"Gotthold Ephraim Lessing","gotthold-ephraim-lessing",{"name":258,"slug":259,"birth_year":260},"John Adams","john-adams",1735,{"name":262,"slug":263,"birth_year":264},"Thomas Paine","thomas-paine",1737,{"name":266,"slug":267,"birth_year":268},"Cesare Beccaria","cesare-beccaria",1738,{"name":270,"slug":271,"birth_year":272},"Marquis de Condorcet","marquis-de-condorcet",1743,{"name":274,"slug":275,"birth_year":272},"Thomas Jefferson","thomas-jefferson",{"name":277,"slug":278,"birth_year":279},"James Madison","james-madison",1751,{"name":281,"slug":282,"birth_year":283},"William Godwin","william-godwin",1756,{"name":285,"slug":286,"birth_year":287},"Maximilien Robespierre","maximilien-robespierre",1758,{"name":289,"slug":290,"birth_year":291},"Mary Wollstonecraft","mary-wollstonecraft",1759,{"name":293,"slug":294,"birth_year":295},"Steven Pinker","steven-pinker",1954,{"name":297,"slug":298,"birth_year":112},"Carl Sagan","carl-sagan",{"cards":300,"influenced":307,"shapedBy":310,"outbound":188},[301],{"slug":302,"name":303,"type":304,"strength":305,"description":306},"gottfried-wilhelm-leibniz","Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz","influenced","foundational","Wolff took Leibniz's scattered insights and made them a curriculum, in a German vocabulary he largely had to coin.",[308,309],{"slug":224,"name":223},{"slug":244,"name":243},[]]