[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-charles-maurras":100,"$fjJIO3DeLjXNpHqgEpZCJNaAgGXeT7aT-J3ZRh10ERMg":418},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":138,"homeIn":157,"works":158,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":172},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1236,"charles-maurras","Charles Maurras","Founder of Action Française, who made an atheist's case for Catholic monarchy, coined integral nationalism, and was convicted of collaboration in 1945.","Charles Maurras went deaf at fourteen, which he said turned him from the world toward books, and became the dominant figure of the French radical right for fifty years. Action Française, the movement and the newspaper he directed from 1908, shaped a generation of the French right and supplied much of the personnel and doctrine of Vichy.\n\nHis nationalism is integral in the sense that everything else is subordinated to the nation's interest, and it is deduced rather than felt. France, he argued, is a natural and historical body whose flourishing requires certain institutions; the Revolution had substituted abstractions — liberty, equality, the rights of man — for the inherited arrangements that actually produced French greatness; and the Third Republic was the machinery by which four alien bodies, which he named as Jews, Protestants, Freemasons and foreigners, governed a country that was not theirs. This is a conspiratorial and racialised politics stated with the vocabulary of classical reason, and the combination is what made it dangerous.\n\nHis attitude to Catholicism is the notorious part. Maurras had no faith and said so; he valued the church as the institution that had disciplined the disorder of the Gospels into Roman order, and defended it as a pillar of French civilisation on aesthetic and political grounds alone. Pius XI condemned the movement in 1926 for precisely this — using religion as an instrument — and the ban was not lifted until 1939.\n\nHe was formed by de Maistre and Bonald and made their counter-revolutionary case modern, replacing providence with a claim to empirical political science: the study of history, he said, showed which arrangements work, and the answer was hereditary monarchy, decentralised provinces and corporate representation.\n\nHe supported Vichy as a divine surprise, denounced resistance and Jews in his paper throughout the occupation, and was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1945 for intelligence with the enemy — receiving the verdict with the cry that it was the revenge of Dreyfus. His influence outlived the disgrace, running through the Algérie française movement and into later European nationalist thought.",1868,1952,"French","writer","19th Century",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},14,"Conservatism","conservatism","The political tradition that emphasizes inherited institutions, traditions, and customs as repositories of accumulated practical wisdom.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},461,"Fascism","fascism","The authoritarian, ultranationalist tradition that fuses nation, state, and leader into a single organic whole, exalts will, action, and violence over reason, and defines itself against both liberalism and Marxism.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},479,"Nationalism","nationalism","The principle that humanity divides into nations, that each is entitled to govern itself, and that political and national boundaries should coincide.",[135],{"source_tradition_id":124,"target_tradition_id":130,"relation_type":136,"description":137},"descends_from","Takes the nation as the unit of politics and pushes it to an organic fusion of nation, state and leader that nationalism does not require.",[139,144,149,153],{"relation_type":140,"traditions":141},"reacts_against",{"name":142,"slug":143},"Enlightenment Philosophy","enlightenment-philosophy",{"relation_type":145,"traditions":146},"converges_with",{"name":147,"slug":148},"Communitarianism","communitarianism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":150},{"name":151,"slug":152},"Natural Law","natural-law",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":154},{"name":155,"slug":156},"Romantic Political Thought","romantic-political-thought",[],[159,166],{"title":160,"year":161,"year_display":162,"description":163,"kind":164,"sort_order":165},"Survey of the Monarchy",1900,"1900","Integral nationalism deduced rather than felt: the arrangements that produced French greatness, restored as empirical political science.","work",1,{"title":167,"year":168,"year_display":169,"description":170,"kind":164,"sort_order":171},"My Political Ideas",1937,"1937","The mature statement of politique d'abord, and of the church valued as Roman order imposed on the disorder of the Gospels.",2,[173,177,181,185,189,193,197,200,204,208,211,215,219,223,227,231,235,239,240,244,248,252,256,259,263,267,270,274,278,282,286,290,294,298,301,305,309,313,317,321,325,329,333,337,341,345,349,353,357,361,365,369,373,376,379,382,385,388,391,394,397,400,403,406,409,412,415],{"name":174,"slug":175,"birth_year":176},"Edmund Burke","edmund-burke",1729,{"name":178,"slug":179,"birth_year":180},"Joseph de Maistre","joseph-de-maistre",1753,{"name":182,"slug":183,"birth_year":184},"Louis de Bonald","louis-de-bonald",1754,{"name":186,"slug":187,"birth_year":188},"William Wilberforce","william-wilberforce",1759,{"name":190,"slug":191,"birth_year":192},"François-René de Chateaubriand","francois-rene-de-chateaubriand",1768,{"name":194,"slug":195,"birth_year":196},"Samuel Taylor Coleridge","samuel-taylor-coleridge",1772,{"name":198,"slug":199,"birth_year":196},"Friedrich Schlegel","friedrich-schlegel",{"name":201,"slug":202,"birth_year":203},"Klemens von Metternich","klemens-von-metternich",1773,{"name":205,"slug":206,"birth_year":207},"Friedrich Carl von Savigny","friedrich-carl-von-savigny",1779,{"name":209,"slug":210,"birth_year":207},"Adam Müller","adam-muller",{"name":212,"slug":213,"birth_year":214},"John C. Calhoun","john-c-calhoun",1782,{"name":216,"slug":217,"birth_year":218},"Thomas Carlyle","thomas-carlyle",1795,{"name":220,"slug":221,"birth_year":222},"Benjamin Disraeli","benjamin-disraeli",1804,{"name":224,"slug":225,"birth_year":226},"Jefferson Davis","jefferson-davis",1808,{"name":228,"slug":229,"birth_year":230},"Otto von Bismarck","otto-von-bismarck",1815,{"name":232,"slug":233,"birth_year":234},"James Fitzjames Stephen","james-fitzjames-stephen",1829,{"name":236,"slug":237,"birth_year":238},"Heinrich von Treitschke","heinrich-von-treitschke",1834,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":241,"slug":242,"birth_year":243},"Calvin Coolidge","calvin-coolidge",1872,{"name":245,"slug":246,"birth_year":247},"Winston Churchill","winston-churchill",1874,{"name":249,"slug":250,"birth_year":251},"Robert Taft","robert-taft",1889,{"name":253,"slug":254,"birth_year":255},"Charles de Gaulle","charles-de-gaulle",1890,{"name":257,"slug":258,"birth_year":255},"Dwight D. Eisenhower","dwight-d-eisenhower",{"name":260,"slug":261,"birth_year":262},"Michael Oakeshott","michael-oakeshott",1901,{"name":264,"slug":265,"birth_year":266},"Barry Goldwater","barry-goldwater",1909,{"name":268,"slug":269,"birth_year":266},"Frank Meyer","frank-meyer",{"name":271,"slug":272,"birth_year":273},"Richard Weaver","richard-weaver",1910,{"name":275,"slug":276,"birth_year":277},"Ronald Reagan","ronald-reagan",1911,{"name":279,"slug":280,"birth_year":281},"Enoch Powell","enoch-powell",1912,{"name":283,"slug":284,"birth_year":285},"Russell Kirk","russell-kirk",1918,{"name":287,"slug":288,"birth_year":289},"Irving Kristol","irving-kristol",1920,{"name":291,"slug":292,"birth_year":293},"Phyllis Schlafly","phyllis-schlafly",1924,{"name":295,"slug":296,"birth_year":297},"Margaret Thatcher","margaret-thatcher",1925,{"name":299,"slug":300,"birth_year":297},"William F. Buckley Jr.","william-f-buckley-jr",{"name":302,"slug":303,"birth_year":304},"Patrick Buchanan","patrick-buchanan",1938,{"name":306,"slug":307,"birth_year":308},"George Will","george-will",1941,{"name":310,"slug":311,"birth_year":312},"Roger Scruton","roger-scruton",1944,{"name":314,"slug":315,"birth_year":316},"Mitt Romney","mitt-romney",1947,{"name":318,"slug":319,"birth_year":320},"Jonathan Sacks","jonathan-sacks",1948,{"name":322,"slug":323,"birth_year":324},"Larry Hogan","larry-hogan",1956,{"name":326,"slug":327,"birth_year":328},"Lisa Murkowski","lisa-murkowski",1957,{"name":330,"slug":331,"birth_year":332},"Albert Mohler","albert-mohler",1959,{"name":334,"slug":335,"birth_year":336},"Michael Lind","michael-lind",1962,{"name":338,"slug":339,"birth_year":340},"Andrew Sullivan","andrew-sullivan",1963,{"name":342,"slug":343,"birth_year":344},"Yoram Hazony","yoram-hazony",1964,{"name":346,"slug":347,"birth_year":348},"Rod Dreher","rod-dreher",1967,{"name":350,"slug":351,"birth_year":352},"Jonah Goldberg","jonah-goldberg",1969,{"name":354,"slug":355,"birth_year":356},"Marco Rubio","marco-rubio",1971,{"name":358,"slug":359,"birth_year":360},"Ramesh Ponnuru","ramesh-ponnuru",1974,{"name":362,"slug":363,"birth_year":364},"Yuval Levin","yuval-levin",1977,{"name":366,"slug":367,"birth_year":368},"Reihan Salam","reihan-salam",1979,{"name":370,"slug":371,"birth_year":372},"Ben Shapiro","ben-shapiro",1984,{"name":374,"slug":375,"birth_year":372},"Christopher Rufo","christopher-rufo",{"name":377,"slug":378,"birth_year":112},"Clyde Wilson","clyde-wilson",{"name":380,"slug":381,"birth_year":112},"Harry Jaffa","harry-jaffa",{"name":383,"slug":384,"birth_year":112},"Paul Gottfried","paul-gottfried",{"name":386,"slug":387,"birth_year":112},"Peter Viereck","peter-viereck",{"name":389,"slug":390,"birth_year":112},"Robert Nisbet","robert-nisbet",{"name":392,"slug":393,"birth_year":112},"Wilhelm Röpke","wilhelm-ropke",{"name":395,"slug":396,"birth_year":112},"Ryszard Legutko","ryszard-legutko",{"name":398,"slug":399,"birth_year":112},"Samuel Francis","samuel-francis",{"name":401,"slug":402,"birth_year":112},"James Q. Wilson","james-q-wilson",{"name":404,"slug":405,"birth_year":112},"Charles Krauthammer","charles-krauthammer",{"name":407,"slug":408,"birth_year":112},"Norman Podhoretz","norman-podhoretz",{"name":410,"slug":411,"birth_year":112},"Charlie Kirk","charlie-kirk",{"name":413,"slug":414,"birth_year":112},"Henry Olsen","henry-olsen",{"name":416,"slug":417,"birth_year":112},"Michael Brendan Dougherty","michael-brendan-dougherty",{"cards":419,"influenced":427,"shapedBy":428,"outbound":429},[420,424],{"slug":179,"name":178,"type":421,"strength":422,"description":423},"influenced","foundational","Maurras made the counter-revolutionary case modern, replacing de Maistre's providence with a claim to empirical political science about which arrangements work.",{"slug":183,"name":182,"type":421,"strength":425,"description":426},"significant","The claim that society precedes and constitutes the individual, stripped of Bonald's theology and restated as the priority of the nation over its members.",[],[],0]