[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-benjamin-constant":100,"$fxx2H-CTE221cMUl2UC3h88BaP2weyxsnXBu0Mm0caSY":476},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":138,"homeIn":151,"works":195,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":214},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1220,"benjamin-constant","Benjamin Constant","The theorist who distinguished the liberty of the ancients from the liberty of the moderns, and warned that confusing them is how a republic produces a Terror.","Benjamin Constant served the Revolution, then Napoleon during the Hundred Days after having attacked him in print days earlier, then the liberal opposition under the Restoration, which gave his enemies material for two centuries. He was also, with Germaine de Staël, the architect of French liberalism.\n\nHis famous lecture of 1819 states the argument that carries his name. The liberty of the ancients was collective and political: a direct and continuous share in sovereignty, exercised in the assembly, in small states where citizens had slaves to do the work and where the individual was wholly subject to the community's authority in private life. The liberty of the moderns is individual and private: security, property, freedom of movement, conscience, expression and association, in large commercial states where representation replaces assembly because nobody has time to govern. Both are real. The danger is confusion — and Rousseau and the Jacobins, by taking the ancient ideal as the model for a modern nation, sacrificed the liberty people actually needed to a participation they could not exercise. The individual, Constant wrote, must not be swallowed by the collective merely because the collective now calls itself the people.\n\nHe does not conclude that participation should be abandoned. Political rights are the guarantee of private ones, and a people that surrenders public life to a government in exchange for enjoyment will lose the enjoyment too. What he wants is a constitution that secures both: representative government with a genuine electorate, ministerial responsibility, judicial independence, jury trial, freedom of the press as the first among rights, and a neutral power — he proposed the crown — able to arbitrate between the branches rather than command them.\n\nPrinciples of Politics works this out at length, and its most durable claim is about sovereignty as such. No sovereign is unlimited, whether king, assembly or people; there is a domain of individual existence that no authority acquires the right to enter merely by being properly constituted. Arbitrary power is not made legitimate by its source.\n\nIsaiah Berlin's two concepts of liberty is a restatement, and says so.",1767,1830,"Swiss-French","writer","19th Century",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},1,"Classical Liberalism","classical-liberalism","The political tradition that holds individual liberty as the highest political value and the state's role as protecting rights rather than directing citizens' lives.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},46,"Liberal Political Thought","liberal-political-thought","The tradition of political analysis committed to individual liberty, constitutional government, and limited state power, while increasingly aware of the complexities of mass democratic society.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},40,"Republicanism","republicanism","The political tradition that emphasizes self-government, popular sovereignty, and the rule of citizens over themselves rather than rule by kings or aristocrats.",[135],{"source_tradition_id":124,"target_tradition_id":118,"relation_type":136,"description":137},"descends_from","Descends from it but adds a sociological awareness classical liberalism lacked: that liberty is shaped by social conditions, not merely protected by law.",[139,143,147],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":140},{"name":141,"slug":142},"Social Contract Theory","social-contract-theory",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":144},{"name":145,"slug":146},"Scottish Enlightenment","scottish-enlightenment",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":148},{"name":149,"slug":150},"Natural Law","natural-law",[152,154,158,162,166,170,174,178,183,187,191],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":153},{"name":125,"slug":126},{"relation_type":136,"traditions":155},{"name":156,"slug":157},"Liberal Feminism","liberal-feminism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":159},{"name":160,"slug":161},"Individualist Anarchism","individualist-anarchism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":163},{"name":164,"slug":165},"Libertarianism","libertarianism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":167},{"name":168,"slug":169},"Chicago School Economics","chicago-school-economics",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":171},{"name":172,"slug":173},"Public Choice","public-choice",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":175},{"name":176,"slug":177},"Austrian School Economics","austrian-school-economics",{"relation_type":179,"traditions":180},"reacts_against",{"name":181,"slug":182},"Marxism","marxism",{"relation_type":179,"traditions":184},{"name":185,"slug":186},"Keynesianism","keynesianism",{"relation_type":179,"traditions":188},{"name":189,"slug":190},"Progressivism","progressivism",{"relation_type":179,"traditions":192},{"name":193,"slug":194},"Catholic Political Thought","catholic-political-thought",[196,202,208],{"title":197,"year":198,"year_display":199,"description":200,"kind":201,"sort_order":118},"The Liberty of the Ancients Compared with that of the Moderns",1819,"1819","Ancient liberty was a share in sovereignty; modern liberty is security in private life. Confusing them is how a republic produces a Terror.","work",{"title":203,"year":204,"year_display":205,"description":206,"kind":201,"sort_order":207},"Principles of Politics Applicable to All Governments",1815,"written 1806; published 1815","No sovereign is unlimited: there is a domain of individual existence no authority acquires the right to enter by being properly constituted.",2,{"title":209,"year":210,"year_display":211,"description":212,"kind":201,"sort_order":213},"Adolphe",1816,"1816","The novel of a man who cannot love and cannot leave; the psychological counterpart to his politics of the irreducible individual.",3,[215,219,223,227,231,235,239,243,247,251,254,257,258,262,266,270,274,278,282,286,290,294,298,302,306,310,314,318,322,326,330,334,338,342,346,350,354,358,361,365,369,372,376,380,384,388,392,396,400,404,408,412,416,420,423,427,430,434,438,441,445,449,452,455,458,461,464,467,470,473],{"name":216,"slug":217,"birth_year":218},"John Locke","john-locke",1632,{"name":220,"slug":221,"birth_year":222},"Adam Smith","adam-smith",1723,{"name":224,"slug":225,"birth_year":226},"George Washington","george-washington",1732,{"name":228,"slug":229,"birth_year":230},"Patrick Henry","patrick-henry",1736,{"name":232,"slug":233,"birth_year":234},"Thomas Paine","thomas-paine",1737,{"name":236,"slug":237,"birth_year":238},"Thomas Jefferson","thomas-jefferson",1743,{"name":240,"slug":241,"birth_year":242},"James Madison","james-madison",1751,{"name":244,"slug":245,"birth_year":246},"Alexander Hamilton","alexander-hamilton",1755,{"name":248,"slug":249,"birth_year":250},"Thomas Malthus","thomas-malthus",1766,{"name":252,"slug":253,"birth_year":250},"Germaine de Staël","germaine-de-stael",{"name":255,"slug":256,"birth_year":107},"Andrew Jackson","andrew-jackson",{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":259,"slug":260,"birth_year":261},"David Ricardo","david-ricardo",1772,{"name":263,"slug":264,"birth_year":265},"Simón Bolívar","simon-bolivar",1783,{"name":267,"slug":268,"birth_year":269},"Frédéric Bastiat","frederic-bastiat",1801,{"name":271,"slug":272,"birth_year":273},"Richard Cobden","richard-cobden",1804,{"name":275,"slug":276,"birth_year":277},"John Stuart Mill","john-stuart-mill",1806,{"name":279,"slug":280,"birth_year":281},"Harriet Taylor Mill","harriet-taylor-mill",1807,{"name":283,"slug":284,"birth_year":285},"Lysander Spooner","lysander-spooner",1808,{"name":287,"slug":288,"birth_year":289},"John Bright","john-bright",1811,{"name":291,"slug":292,"birth_year":293},"Frederick Douglass","frederick-douglass",1818,{"name":295,"slug":296,"birth_year":297},"Susan B. Anthony","susan-b-anthony",1820,{"name":299,"slug":300,"birth_year":301},"Grover Cleveland","grover-cleveland",1837,{"name":303,"slug":304,"birth_year":305},"Henry George","henry-george",1839,{"name":307,"slug":308,"birth_year":309},"William Graham Sumner","william-graham-sumner",1840,{"name":311,"slug":312,"birth_year":313},"Booker T. Washington","booker-t-washington",1856,{"name":315,"slug":316,"birth_year":317},"Albert Jay Nock","albert-jay-nock",1870,{"name":319,"slug":320,"birth_year":321},"Calvin Coolidge","calvin-coolidge",1872,{"name":323,"slug":324,"birth_year":325},"H.L. Mencken","hl-mencken",1880,{"name":327,"slug":328,"birth_year":329},"Ludwig von Mises","ludwig-von-mises",1881,{"name":331,"slug":332,"birth_year":333},"Rose Wilder Lane","rose-wilder-lane",1886,{"name":335,"slug":336,"birth_year":337},"Robert Taft","robert-taft",1889,{"name":339,"slug":340,"birth_year":341},"Henry Hazlitt","henry-hazlitt",1894,{"name":343,"slug":344,"birth_year":345},"Ludwig Erhard","ludwig-erhard",1897,{"name":347,"slug":348,"birth_year":349},"Friedrich Hayek","friedrich-hayek",1899,{"name":351,"slug":352,"birth_year":353},"Ayn Rand","ayn-rand",1905,{"name":355,"slug":356,"birth_year":357},"Barry Goldwater","barry-goldwater",1909,{"name":359,"slug":360,"birth_year":357},"Frank Meyer","frank-meyer",{"name":362,"slug":363,"birth_year":364},"Ronald Reagan","ronald-reagan",1911,{"name":366,"slug":367,"birth_year":368},"Enoch Powell","enoch-powell",1912,{"name":370,"slug":371,"birth_year":368},"Milton Friedman","milton-friedman",{"name":373,"slug":374,"birth_year":375},"James M. Buchanan","james-m-buchanan",1919,{"name":377,"slug":378,"birth_year":379},"Margaret Thatcher","margaret-thatcher",1925,{"name":381,"slug":382,"birth_year":383},"Murray Rothbard","murray-rothbard",1926,{"name":385,"slug":386,"birth_year":387},"Thomas Sowell","thomas-sowell",1930,{"name":389,"slug":390,"birth_year":391},"Jagdish Bhagwati","jagdish-bhagwati",1934,{"name":393,"slug":394,"birth_year":395},"Walter Williams","walter-williams",1936,{"name":397,"slug":398,"birth_year":399},"Robert Nozick","robert-nozick",1938,{"name":401,"slug":402,"birth_year":403},"Deirdre McCloskey","deirdre-mccloskey",1942,{"name":405,"slug":406,"birth_year":407},"Charles Murray","charles-murray-social-scientist",1943,{"name":409,"slug":410,"birth_year":411},"David Boaz","david-boaz",1953,{"name":413,"slug":414,"birth_year":415},"Matt Ridley","matt-ridley",1958,{"name":417,"slug":418,"birth_year":419},"Max More","max-more",1964,{"name":421,"slug":422,"birth_year":419},"Niall Ferguson","niall-ferguson",{"name":424,"slug":425,"birth_year":426},"Ayaan Hirsi Ali","ayaan-hirsi-ali",1969,{"name":428,"slug":429,"birth_year":426},"David French","david-french",{"name":431,"slug":432,"birth_year":433},"Bryan Caplan","bryan-caplan",1971,{"name":435,"slug":436,"birth_year":437},"Johan Norberg","johan-norberg",1973,{"name":439,"slug":440,"birth_year":437},"Megan McArdle","megan-mcardle",{"name":442,"slug":443,"birth_year":444},"Jason Brennan","jason-brennan",1979,{"name":446,"slug":447,"birth_year":448},"Sarah Haider","sarah-haider",1991,{"name":450,"slug":451,"birth_year":112},"Gottfried Dietze","gottfried-dietze",{"name":453,"slug":454,"birth_year":112},"Julian Simon","julian-simon",{"name":456,"slug":457,"birth_year":112},"Martin Feldstein","martin-feldstein",{"name":459,"slug":460,"birth_year":112},"Wilhelm Röpke","wilhelm-ropke",{"name":462,"slug":463,"birth_year":112},"Wilhelm von Humboldt","wilhelm-von-humboldt",{"name":465,"slug":466,"birth_year":112},"Karl Hess","karl-hess",{"name":468,"slug":469,"birth_year":112},"Loren Lomasky","loren-lomasky",{"name":471,"slug":472,"birth_year":112},"Matt Zwolinski","matt-zwolinski",{"name":474,"slug":475,"birth_year":112},"Brink Lindsey","brink-lindsey",{"cards":477,"influenced":487,"shapedBy":494,"outbound":207},[478,482],{"slug":253,"name":252,"type":479,"strength":480,"description":481},"influenced","foundational","Fourteen years of partnership produced most of the ideas French liberalism then worked with; they wrote against Napoleon and were exiled together.",{"slug":483,"name":484,"type":485,"strength":480,"description":486},"jean-jacques-rousseau","Jean-Jacques Rousseau","opposed","Constant held that Rousseau and the Jacobins applied the ancient ideal of collective sovereignty to a modern nation, and sacrificed the liberty people actually needed.",[488,491],{"slug":489,"name":490},"alexis-de-tocqueville","Alexis de Tocqueville",{"slug":492,"name":493},"isaiah-berlin","Isaiah Berlin",[]]