[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-baron-dholbach":100,"$fBXnNMSnbyExJwLce42oe2g4I8ts643PKPRN55doYWoM":299},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":128,"homeOut":129,"homeIn":143,"works":169,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":189},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1188,"baron-dholbach","Baron d'Holbach","Host of the most radical salon in Europe and author of the System of Nature, the first thoroughly atheist and determinist account of the universe published in modern Europe.","Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach, was a wealthy German-born baron who kept a house in Paris where the philosophes dined twice a week for thirty years. Diderot, Rousseau, Hume, Sterne, Gibbon, Franklin, Beccaria and Adam Smith all passed through it. He wrote or edited more than four hundred articles for the Encyclopédie, mostly on chemistry and mineralogy, and published his own books anonymously or under the names of dead men, through Amsterdam, because what they said was a capital matter.\n\nThe System of Nature of 1770 is the most complete statement of eighteenth-century materialism. There is nothing but matter in motion, governed throughout by necessary laws. Man is wholly part of nature and no exception to it; what is called the soul is the brain considered in its functions; freedom of the will is an illusion arising from ignorance of the causes acting on us. There is no God, no purpose in nature, no design and no providence — not a hidden God, not an impersonal one, but none, which distinguishes him sharply from the deists who dominated the period and whom he attacked as vigorously as he attacked the church.\n\nHis account of religion is naturalistic and hostile: it originates in fear of natural forces, is elaborated by priests and sustained because it is useful to rulers, and its effect is to make people miserable, obedient and cruel. Christianity Unveiled and The Sacred Contagion pursue this at length. Voltaire, who thought a God necessary to keep servants honest, wrote against the book; Frederick the Great, an atheist himself, wrote against it too on the ground that determinism destroyed the basis of government.\n\nAgainst La Mettrie's conclusion that morality is convenience, d'Holbach constructed an ethics on the same materialist premises. Since we necessarily seek our own happiness, and since we cannot obtain it alone, virtue is the set of dispositions that make us useful to others and therefore secure their regard; enlightened self-interest and social utility converge. Education and good laws, not divine sanctions, are the instruments.\n\nMarx and Engels treated the French materialists as the immediate ancestors of their own position, and d'Holbach is the fullest of them.",1723,1789,"German-French","philosopher","Enlightenment",null,[],[115,122],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},44,"Enlightenment Philosophy","enlightenment-philosophy","The 18th century intellectual movement committed to reason, individual rights, equality, and the critical examination of inherited authority.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},38,"Materialism","materialism","The philosophical view that everything that exists is ultimately physical matter in motion, with no separate spiritual or immaterial realm.",[],[130,135,139],{"relation_type":131,"traditions":132},"descends_from",{"name":133,"slug":134},"Rationalism","rationalism",{"relation_type":131,"traditions":136},{"name":137,"slug":138},"Empiricism","empiricism",{"relation_type":131,"traditions":140},{"name":141,"slug":142},"Skepticism","skepticism",[144,148,152,157,161,165],{"relation_type":131,"traditions":145},{"name":146,"slug":147},"Deontological Ethics","deontological-ethics",{"relation_type":131,"traditions":149},{"name":150,"slug":151},"German Idealism","german-idealism",{"relation_type":153,"traditions":154},"reacts_against",{"name":155,"slug":156},"Conservatism","conservatism",{"relation_type":153,"traditions":158},{"name":159,"slug":160},"Romantic Political Thought","romantic-political-thought",{"relation_type":153,"traditions":162},{"name":163,"slug":164},"Critique of Modernity","critique-of-modernity",{"relation_type":153,"traditions":166},{"name":167,"slug":168},"Political Theology","political-theology",[170,177,183],{"title":171,"year":172,"year_display":173,"description":174,"kind":175,"sort_order":176},"The System of Nature",1770,"1770","Nothing but matter in motion under necessary laws; no God, no design, no free will. Published in Amsterdam under a dead man's name.","work",1,{"title":178,"year":179,"year_display":180,"description":181,"kind":175,"sort_order":182},"Christianity Unveiled",1766,"1766","Religion as originating in fear, elaborated by priests and sustained because it is useful to rulers.",2,{"title":184,"year":185,"year_display":186,"description":187,"kind":175,"sort_order":188},"Universal Morality",1776,"1776","A materialist ethics constructed to avoid La Mettrie's conclusion: since happiness cannot be had alone, virtue is what makes us useful to others.",3,[190,194,198,202,206,210,214,217,221,225,229,233,237,241,242,246,250,254,257,261,265,269,273,276,280,284,288,292,296],{"name":191,"slug":192,"birth_year":193},"Hugo Grotius","hugo-grotius",1583,{"name":195,"slug":196,"birth_year":197},"René Descartes","rene-descartes",1596,{"name":199,"slug":200,"birth_year":201},"Baruch Spinoza","baruch-spinoza",1632,{"name":203,"slug":204,"birth_year":205},"Christian Wolff","christian-wolff",1679,{"name":207,"slug":208,"birth_year":209},"Charles de Montesquieu","charles-de-montesquieu",1689,{"name":211,"slug":212,"birth_year":213},"Voltaire","voltaire",1694,{"name":215,"slug":216,"birth_year":213},"François Quesnay","francois-quesnay",{"name":218,"slug":219,"birth_year":220},"Benjamin Franklin","benjamin-franklin",1706,{"name":222,"slug":223,"birth_year":224},"Julien Offray de La Mettrie","julien-offray-de-la-mettrie",1709,{"name":226,"slug":227,"birth_year":228},"Frederick the Great","frederick-the-great",1712,{"name":230,"slug":231,"birth_year":232},"Denis Diderot","denis-diderot",1713,{"name":234,"slug":235,"birth_year":236},"Claude Adrien Helvétius","claude-adrien-helvetius",1715,{"name":238,"slug":239,"birth_year":240},"Jean le Rond d'Alembert","jean-le-rond-dalembert",1717,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":243,"slug":244,"birth_year":245},"Immanuel Kant","immanuel-kant",1724,{"name":247,"slug":248,"birth_year":249},"Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot","anne-robert-jacques-turgot",1727,{"name":251,"slug":252,"birth_year":253},"Catherine the Great","catherine-the-great",1729,{"name":255,"slug":256,"birth_year":253},"Gotthold Ephraim Lessing","gotthold-ephraim-lessing",{"name":258,"slug":259,"birth_year":260},"John Adams","john-adams",1735,{"name":262,"slug":263,"birth_year":264},"Thomas Paine","thomas-paine",1737,{"name":266,"slug":267,"birth_year":268},"Cesare Beccaria","cesare-beccaria",1738,{"name":270,"slug":271,"birth_year":272},"Marquis de Condorcet","marquis-de-condorcet",1743,{"name":274,"slug":275,"birth_year":272},"Thomas Jefferson","thomas-jefferson",{"name":277,"slug":278,"birth_year":279},"James Madison","james-madison",1751,{"name":281,"slug":282,"birth_year":283},"William Godwin","william-godwin",1756,{"name":285,"slug":286,"birth_year":287},"Maximilien Robespierre","maximilien-robespierre",1758,{"name":289,"slug":290,"birth_year":291},"Mary Wollstonecraft","mary-wollstonecraft",1759,{"name":293,"slug":294,"birth_year":295},"Steven Pinker","steven-pinker",1954,{"name":297,"slug":298,"birth_year":112},"Carl Sagan","carl-sagan",{"cards":300,"influenced":308,"shapedBy":312,"outbound":176},[301,305],{"slug":223,"name":222,"type":302,"strength":303,"description":304},"influenced","significant","D'Holbach built a materialist ethics on the same premises precisely to avoid La Mettrie's conclusion that morality is a convenience.",{"slug":212,"name":211,"type":306,"strength":303,"description":307},"opposed","Voltaire, who thought a God necessary to keep servants honest, wrote against the System of Nature; Frederick the Great attacked it too, on the ground that determinism destroys the basis of government.",[309],{"slug":310,"name":311},"karl-marx","Karl Marx",[]]