[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-ayatollah-khomeini":100},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":44,"name":45},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":47,"name":48},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":53,"name":54},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"slug":98,"name":99},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":141,"traditions":144},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"sort_name":105,"birth_year":106,"death_year":107,"nationality":108,"era":109,"one_line":110,"bio":111,"portrait_url":112,"has_portrait":113,"sort_priority":114,"is_living":115,"created_at":116,"updated_at":117,"search_vector":118,"primary_role":119,"secondary_roles":120,"notable_quotes":121,"historical_tensions":131,"plcf_score":138,"mesr_score":139,"dipg_score":140,"cult_score":138,"figure_descriptor":108,"figure_class":108,"editorial_review":115},618,"ayatollah-khomeini","Ayatollah Khomeini","Khomeini, Ayatollah",1902,1989,null,"20th Century","Ayatollah Khomeini was the Shia cleric and Islamic revolutionary who overthrew Iran's Shah in 1979 and built a durable theocratic republic on the doctrine of clerical rule","Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini was the religious leader who led the Iranian Revolution of 1979, overthrowing the Shah and establishing an Islamic Republic that fundamentally challenged both Western liberalism and secular nationalism. A senior Shia cleric, Khomeini was exiled in 1964 for opposing the Shah's reforms but continued to inspire opposition from Iraq and then France.\n\nThe 1979 revolution united diverse opposition groups—Islamists, leftists, liberals, nationalists—but Khomeini outmaneuvered secular allies to establish clerical rule through the doctrine of velayat-e faqih (guardianship of the jurist). The new constitution made him Supreme Leader with authority over all state institutions.\n\nKhomeini's Iran challenged both superpowers, taking American hostages and fighting Saddam Hussein's Iraq for eight years. His fatwa against Salman Rushdie for The Satanic Verses shocked the world. Khomeini died in 1989, having created a durable theocratic system. His Islamic Revolution inspired and terrified in equal measure, reshaping Middle Eastern politics.","\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fkhomeini.webp",true,5,false,"2026-05-04T19:18:37.125364+00:00","2026-07-09T03:53:19.3428+00:00","'1964':70C '1979':18B,44C,88C '1989':165C 'alli':102C 'american':139C 'author':127C 'ayatollah':1A,3B,31C 'built':20B 'challeng':55C,135C 'cleric':8B,29B,65C,105C 'constitut':121C 'continu':78C 'creat':167C 'die':163C 'divers':91C 'doctrin':27B,109C 'durabl':22B,169C 'e':113C 'eastern':183C 'eight':148C 'equal':179C 'establish':49C,104C 'exil':68C 'faqih':114C 'fatwa':151C 'fight':142C 'franc':86C 'fundament':54C 'group':93C 'guardianship':115C 'hostag':140C 'hussein':144C 'inspir':80C,175C 'institut':131C 'iran':14B,134C 'iranian':41C 'iraq':83C,146C 'islam':10B,51C,173C 'islamist':94C 'jurist':118C 'khomeini':2A,4B,33C,66C,99C,132C,162C 'leader':37C,125C 'led':39C 'leftist':95C 'liber':58C,96C 'made':122C 'measur':180C 'middl':182C 'nation':61C 'nationalist':97C 'new':120C 'oppos':72C 'opposit':81C,92C 'outmaneuv':100C 'overthrew':13B 'overthrow':45C 'polit':184C 'reform':76C 'religi':36C 'republ':24B,52C 'reshap':181C 'revolut':42C,89C,174C 'revolutionari':11B 'ruhollah':32C 'rule':30B,106C 'rushdi':154C 'saddam':143C 'salman':153C 'satan':157C 'secular':60C,101C 'senior':63C 'shah':16B,47C,74C 'shia':7B,64C 'shock':159C 'state':130C 'superpow':137C 'suprem':124C 'system':171C 'take':138C 'terrifi':177C 'theocrat':23B,170C 'unit':90C 'velayat':112C 'velayat-':111C 'vers':158C 'western':57C 'world':161C 'year':149C","politician",[],[122,125,128],{"quote":123,"context":124},"There is no room for play in Islam. It is deadly serious about everything.","Islamic Government, 1970",{"quote":126,"context":127},"We do not worship Iran, we worship Allah.","Speech, 1980",{"quote":129,"context":130},"I declare the author of the Satanic Verses book, which is against Islam, the Prophet and the Quran, and all those involved in its publication who were aware of its content, to be sentenced to death.","Fatwa against Salman Rushdie, 1989",[132,134,136],{"title":133,"summary":133},"Revolutionary who established a new traditionalist order",{"title":135,"summary":135},"Anti-imperialist whose regime fought fellow Muslims in Iraq",{"title":137,"summary":137},"Religious authority who played ruthless power politics",0,44,6,[142],{"archetype_slug":29,"strength":114,"description":143},"Led Iran's 1979 revolution and installed himself as Supreme Leader, imposing clerical theocratic rule that enforced traditional religious morality through state coercion.",[145,151],{"is_primary":113,"traditions":146},{"id":147,"name":148,"slug":149,"short_description":150},158,"Political Theology","political-theology","The tradition of reflecting systematically on the relationship between religious concepts and political authority, and on how theological categories underlie ostensibly secular political thought.",{"is_primary":115,"traditions":152},{"id":153,"name":154,"slug":155,"short_description":156},53,"Critique of Modernity","critique-of-modernity","The intellectual tradition that questions the assumptions and consequences of modern Western civilization."]