[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-anselm-of-canterbury":100,"$fFXnJBifFqAxaIdlqWEznSGS35h5et1VSm9F30x6QLH4":305},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":138,"homeIn":154,"works":163,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":183},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1133,"anselm-of-canterbury","Anselm of Canterbury","The archbishop who argued that faith seeks understanding, invented the ontological proof, and fought two kings over whether a church could be a department of state.","Anselm was born in Aosta, became a monk at Bec in Normandy, and was made Archbishop of Canterbury in 1093 by a king who had kept the see vacant for four years in order to pocket its revenues. He spent much of his episcopate in exile.\n\nHis intellectual programme is captured in a phrase he used as an early title: faith seeking understanding. He held that the believer should not believe in order to understand but understand in order that he may believe — the content of faith is given, and reason's work is to grasp why it must be so. He then pursued this with a confidence that startles: in the Monologion he argues for the divine nature without appeal to scripture at all, and in the Proslogion he produces the argument that has occupied philosophers ever since. God is that than which nothing greater can be conceived; such a being must exist in reality and not merely in the understanding, because a being existing in reality would be greater. The argument was disputed immediately by the monk Gaunilo, rejected by Aquinas, revived by Descartes and Leibniz, demolished by Kant, and revived again in modal form in the twentieth century. No other single paragraph in medieval philosophy has had a longer afterlife.\n\nThe same method produces his account of the atonement. In Cur Deus Homo he sets aside the older view that the crucifixion was a ransom paid to the devil and argues instead from the logic of obligation: sin is a debt of honour owed to God, the debt is infinite, only man owes it and only God can pay it, and therefore the one who pays must be both. It is a piece of feudal reasoning turned into theology, and it became the standard Western account.\n\nHis political significance lies in the investiture conflict. Anselm returned from exile refusing to do homage to the king for his lands or to accept bishops appointed by royal authority, on the ground that spiritual office cannot be in the gift of a layman. The compromise eventually reached in England left the king with real influence and the church with the principle. What mattered for later political thought was the principle itself: that there exists an authority the crown does not constitute and cannot absorb. Every subsequent European argument for a limit on sovereign power has some debt to the conflict Anselm was prepared to be exiled twice for.",1033,1109,"Italian-English","theologian","Medieval",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},36,"Catholic Political Thought","catholic-political-thought","The tradition of political reflection within the Catholic intellectual tradition, from the early church fathers through the medieval scholastics to contemporary Catholic social teaching.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},158,"Political Theology","political-theology","The tradition of reflecting systematically on the relationship between religious concepts and political authority, and on how theological categories underlie ostensibly secular political thought.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},35,"Scholasticism","scholasticism","The medieval intellectual tradition that combined classical philosophy with Christian theology through rigorous logical analysis.",[135],{"source_tradition_id":118,"target_tradition_id":130,"relation_type":136,"description":137},"descends_from","Aquinas gave the tradition its systematic form, grounding law in reason and the common good; the School of Salamanca extended it to conquest and just war.",[139,141,145,150],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":140},{"name":131,"slug":132},{"relation_type":136,"traditions":142},{"name":143,"slug":144},"Natural Law","natural-law",{"relation_type":146,"traditions":147},"reacts_against",{"name":148,"slug":149},"Classical Liberalism","classical-liberalism",{"relation_type":146,"traditions":151},{"name":152,"slug":153},"Marxism","marxism",[155,159],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":156},{"name":157,"slug":158},"Distributism","distributism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":160},{"name":161,"slug":162},"Liberation Theology","liberation-theology",[164,171,177],{"title":165,"year":166,"year_display":167,"description":168,"kind":169,"sort_order":170},"Proslogion",1078,"1077-78","Contains the ontological argument: God is that than which nothing greater can be conceived, and such a being cannot exist in the understanding alone.","work",1,{"title":172,"year":173,"year_display":174,"description":175,"kind":169,"sort_order":176},"Monologion",1076,"1076","An argument for the divine nature conducted without appeal to scripture, on reason alone.",2,{"title":178,"year":179,"year_display":180,"description":181,"kind":169,"sort_order":182},"Cur Deus Homo",1098,"1094-98","Recasts the atonement as a debt of honour that only man owes and only God can pay, displacing the older ransom theory.",3,[184,188,189,193,197,201,205,209,213,217,221,225,229,233,237,241,245,249,253,257,261,265,269,273,277,281,285,289,293,296,299,302],{"name":185,"slug":186,"birth_year":187},"Augustine of Hippo","augustine",354,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":190,"slug":191,"birth_year":192},"Thomas Aquinas","thomas-aquinas",1225,{"name":194,"slug":195,"birth_year":196},"Giles of Rome","giles-of-rome",1243,{"name":198,"slug":199,"birth_year":200},"Dante Alighieri","dante-alighieri",1265,{"name":202,"slug":203,"birth_year":204},"Jean Gerson","jean-gerson",1363,{"name":206,"slug":207,"birth_year":208},"Nicholas of Cusa","nicholas-of-cusa",1401,{"name":210,"slug":211,"birth_year":212},"Desiderius Erasmus","erasmus",1466,{"name":214,"slug":215,"birth_year":216},"Thomas More","thomas-more",1478,{"name":218,"slug":219,"birth_year":220},"Francisco de Vitoria","francisco-de-vitoria",1483,{"name":222,"slug":223,"birth_year":224},"John Calvin","john-calvin",1509,{"name":226,"slug":227,"birth_year":228},"Robert Bellarmine","robert-bellarmine",1542,{"name":230,"slug":231,"birth_year":232},"Pope Leo XIII","pope-leo-xiii",1810,{"name":234,"slug":235,"birth_year":236},"Hilaire Belloc","hilaire-belloc",1870,{"name":238,"slug":239,"birth_year":240},"G.K. Chesterton","g-k-chesterton",1874,{"name":242,"slug":243,"birth_year":244},"Francisco Franco","francisco-franco",1892,{"name":246,"slug":247,"birth_year":248},"Dorothy Day","dorothy-day",1897,{"name":250,"slug":251,"birth_year":252},"Pope John Paul II","pope-john-paul-ii",1920,{"name":254,"slug":255,"birth_year":256},"Alasdair MacIntyre","alasdair-macintyre",1929,{"name":258,"slug":259,"birth_year":260},"Pope Francis","pope-francis",1936,{"name":262,"slug":263,"birth_year":264},"Sister Simone Campbell","sister-simone-campbell",1945,{"name":266,"slug":267,"birth_year":268},"Timothy Dolan","timothy-dolan",1950,{"name":270,"slug":271,"birth_year":272},"Robert George","robert-george",1955,{"name":274,"slug":275,"birth_year":276},"Rusty Reno","rusty-reno",1959,{"name":278,"slug":279,"birth_year":280},"Phillip Blond","philip-blond",1966,{"name":282,"slug":283,"birth_year":284},"Adrian Vermeule","adrian-vermeule",1968,{"name":286,"slug":287,"birth_year":288},"Ross Douthat","ross-douthat",1979,{"name":290,"slug":291,"birth_year":292},"Sohrab Ahmari","sohrab-ahmari",1985,{"name":294,"slug":295,"birth_year":112},"Richard John Neuhaus","richard-john-neuhaus",{"name":297,"slug":298,"birth_year":112},"Gustavo Gutiérrez","gustavo-gutierrez",{"name":300,"slug":301,"birth_year":112},"Oscar Romero","oscar-romero",{"name":303,"slug":304,"birth_year":112},"Peter Maurin","peter-maurin",{"cards":306,"influenced":311,"shapedBy":312,"outbound":313},[307],{"slug":186,"name":185,"type":308,"strength":309,"description":310},"influenced","foundational","Anselm worked within Augustine's premise that belief precedes and enables understanding, and set out to supply the understanding by argument alone.",[],[],0]