[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-anne-robert-jacques-turgot":100,"$fAtBq2lmmkcSGaE5itnxssNBXcWOX30SmHZ-c5p7vGPs":299},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":135,"homeIn":149,"works":175,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":189},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1185,"anne-robert-jacques-turgot","Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot","Controller-General who tried to reform France out of its crisis and was dismissed in twenty months, and who wrote the first clear statement of history as indefinite progress.","Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot was intended for the church, left it, became an intendant in the Limousin where he spent thirteen years abolishing forced labour and improving roads, and in 1774 was made Controller-General of France by the new king. He lasted twenty months.\n\nThe programme was the physiocratic one and he pursued it fast: free internal trade in grain, abolition of the corvée and its replacement with a tax on landowners, suppression of the guilds, retrenchment at court, no bankruptcy, no new loans, no tax increases. The grain reform coincided with a bad harvest and produced the Flour War; the abolition of guilds and the taxation of privilege united the parlements, the court and the queen against him. He warned the king in his letter of dismissal that never forget, sire, that it was weakness that put the head of Charles I on the block. He was gone thirteen years before the Estates General met.\n\nHis theoretical work was mostly done before office. The Reflections on the Formation and Distribution of Wealth of 1766 states with unusual clarity the role of capital in production, the distinction between the entrepreneur's profit and the interest on advances, and the tendency of returns to diminish as more labour is applied to a fixed quantity of land — the earliest clear statement of diminishing returns, half a century before Ricardo and Malthus made it central.\n\nThe two lectures given at the Sorbonne in 1750, when he was twenty-three, are the more startling documents. Turgot argues that while nature moves in cycles, humanity does not: because we have language and writing, each generation begins where the last stopped, so knowledge accumulates without limit and the human race advances continually, though unevenly and through periods of apparent decline. He sketches a stadial succession from hunting through pasturage and agriculture to commerce, and he treats the arts, sciences, morals and government as changing together. This is the doctrine of indefinite progress in the form the eighteenth century would take up.\n\nCondorcet, his friend and biographer, wrote the Sketch of a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind in hiding from the Terror, working directly from it.",1727,1781,"French","economist","Enlightenment",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},44,"Enlightenment Philosophy","enlightenment-philosophy","The 18th century intellectual movement committed to reason, individual rights, equality, and the critical examination of inherited authority.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},51,"Philosophy of History","philosophy-of-history","The systematic philosophical attempt to understand history as a process with meaning and direction.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},13,"Political Economy","political-economy","The intellectual tradition that treats economics, politics, and social structure as a single integrated subject of inquiry.",[],[136,141,145],{"relation_type":137,"traditions":138},"descends_from",{"name":139,"slug":140},"Rationalism","rationalism",{"relation_type":137,"traditions":142},{"name":143,"slug":144},"Empiricism","empiricism",{"relation_type":137,"traditions":146},{"name":147,"slug":148},"Skepticism","skepticism",[150,154,158,163,167,171],{"relation_type":137,"traditions":151},{"name":152,"slug":153},"Deontological Ethics","deontological-ethics",{"relation_type":137,"traditions":155},{"name":156,"slug":157},"German Idealism","german-idealism",{"relation_type":159,"traditions":160},"reacts_against",{"name":161,"slug":162},"Conservatism","conservatism",{"relation_type":159,"traditions":164},{"name":165,"slug":166},"Romantic Political Thought","romantic-political-thought",{"relation_type":159,"traditions":168},{"name":169,"slug":170},"Critique of Modernity","critique-of-modernity",{"relation_type":159,"traditions":172},{"name":173,"slug":174},"Political Theology","political-theology",[176,183],{"title":177,"year":178,"year_display":179,"description":180,"kind":181,"sort_order":182},"Reflections on the Formation and Distribution of Wealth",1766,"1766","States the role of capital, the distinction between profit and interest, and the tendency of returns to diminish — half a century before Ricardo made it central.","work",1,{"title":184,"year":185,"year_display":186,"description":187,"kind":181,"sort_order":188},"On the Successive Advances of the Human Mind",1750,"1750","The Sorbonne lecture, given at twenty-three, arguing that because knowledge accumulates across generations the race advances without limit.",2,[190,194,198,202,206,210,214,217,221,225,229,233,237,241,245,249,250,254,257,261,265,269,273,276,280,284,288,292,296],{"name":191,"slug":192,"birth_year":193},"Hugo Grotius","hugo-grotius",1583,{"name":195,"slug":196,"birth_year":197},"René Descartes","rene-descartes",1596,{"name":199,"slug":200,"birth_year":201},"Baruch Spinoza","baruch-spinoza",1632,{"name":203,"slug":204,"birth_year":205},"Christian Wolff","christian-wolff",1679,{"name":207,"slug":208,"birth_year":209},"Charles de Montesquieu","charles-de-montesquieu",1689,{"name":211,"slug":212,"birth_year":213},"Voltaire","voltaire",1694,{"name":215,"slug":216,"birth_year":213},"François Quesnay","francois-quesnay",{"name":218,"slug":219,"birth_year":220},"Benjamin Franklin","benjamin-franklin",1706,{"name":222,"slug":223,"birth_year":224},"Julien Offray de La Mettrie","julien-offray-de-la-mettrie",1709,{"name":226,"slug":227,"birth_year":228},"Frederick the Great","frederick-the-great",1712,{"name":230,"slug":231,"birth_year":232},"Denis Diderot","denis-diderot",1713,{"name":234,"slug":235,"birth_year":236},"Claude Adrien Helvétius","claude-adrien-helvetius",1715,{"name":238,"slug":239,"birth_year":240},"Jean le Rond d'Alembert","jean-le-rond-dalembert",1717,{"name":242,"slug":243,"birth_year":244},"Baron d'Holbach","baron-dholbach",1723,{"name":246,"slug":247,"birth_year":248},"Immanuel Kant","immanuel-kant",1724,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":251,"slug":252,"birth_year":253},"Catherine the Great","catherine-the-great",1729,{"name":255,"slug":256,"birth_year":253},"Gotthold Ephraim Lessing","gotthold-ephraim-lessing",{"name":258,"slug":259,"birth_year":260},"John Adams","john-adams",1735,{"name":262,"slug":263,"birth_year":264},"Thomas Paine","thomas-paine",1737,{"name":266,"slug":267,"birth_year":268},"Cesare Beccaria","cesare-beccaria",1738,{"name":270,"slug":271,"birth_year":272},"Marquis de Condorcet","marquis-de-condorcet",1743,{"name":274,"slug":275,"birth_year":272},"Thomas Jefferson","thomas-jefferson",{"name":277,"slug":278,"birth_year":279},"James Madison","james-madison",1751,{"name":281,"slug":282,"birth_year":283},"William Godwin","william-godwin",1756,{"name":285,"slug":286,"birth_year":287},"Maximilien Robespierre","maximilien-robespierre",1758,{"name":289,"slug":290,"birth_year":291},"Mary Wollstonecraft","mary-wollstonecraft",1759,{"name":293,"slug":294,"birth_year":295},"Steven Pinker","steven-pinker",1954,{"name":297,"slug":298,"birth_year":112},"Carl Sagan","carl-sagan",{"cards":300,"influenced":305,"shapedBy":310,"outbound":188},[301],{"slug":216,"name":215,"type":302,"strength":303,"description":304},"influenced","foundational","Turgot pursued the physiocratic programme in office: free trade in grain, abolition of the corvée and the guilds, and a single tax falling on the net product of land.",[306,309],{"slug":307,"name":308},"adam-smith","Adam Smith",{"slug":271,"name":270},[]]