[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-algernon-sidney":100,"$fjTUppgezNwGRFIocSZhyZcIpvrcn6lVOWrIVRYUV_kk":339},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":135,"homeIn":141,"works":167,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":175},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1176,"algernon-sidney","Algernon Sidney","Republican executed on the evidence of his own unpublished manuscript, whose Discourses answered Filmer and became, with Locke, a founding text of American independence.","Algernon Sidney fought for Parliament, sat in the councils of the Commonwealth, refused to serve Cromwell after the protectorate, and lived abroad through the Restoration until a pardon let him return. In 1683 he was arrested in connection with the Rye House Plot. The crown could produce only one witness where the law required two, so the prosecution offered as the second witness his own manuscript — the unpublished Discourses Concerning Government, seized from his study. Scribere est agere, said Judge Jeffreys: to write is to act. He was beheaded, and his scaffold paper is one of the great statements of the republican creed.\n\nThe Discourses is a paragraph-by-paragraph demolition of Filmer's Patriarcha, and its structure is dictated by that. Against the claim that Adam's dominion descended to kings, Sidney argues that if such a title existed nobody could now identify its holder, and every reigning house in Europe would be a usurper. Against natural subjection he asserts that men are born free and equal, and that governments are constituted by those who live under them for their own good: liberty is not a grant from a ruler but the condition into which people are born, and any authority not derived from consent is usurpation.\n\nHe goes further than Locke on resistance and further on the merits of tumult. Where Locke's right of revolution is a last resort against a settled design of tyranny, Sidney treats disturbance as the ordinary price of liberty and holds that a people may remove a magistrate who has become useless or hurtful without waiting for extremity. He is also more classical: his models are Rome, Sparta and the Hebrew commonwealth rather than an abstract state of nature, and virtue in citizens matters to him in a way it does not to Locke.\n\nJefferson named him with Locke as containing the elementary books of public right from which the Declaration was drawn, and prescribed both for the University of Virginia. In eighteenth-century America Sidney was the martyr of the cause, his name and his motto — that resistance to tyrants is obedience to God — appearing on seals, in pamphlets and on the Massachusetts state seal proposal.",1623,1683,"English","writer","Early Modern",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},34,"Natural Law","natural-law","The tradition that holds there are objective moral and political truths grounded in human nature, accessible to reason, and binding regardless of what particular societies happen to believe.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},62,"Political Philosophy","political-philosophy","The intellectual discipline of reflecting systematically on political life, its forms, and its possibilities.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},40,"Republicanism","republicanism","The political tradition that emphasizes self-government, popular sovereignty, and the rule of citizens over themselves rather than rule by kings or aristocrats.",[],[136],{"relation_type":137,"traditions":138},"descends_from",{"name":139,"slug":140},"Ancient Philosophy","ancient-philosophy",[142,146,150,154,158,162],{"relation_type":137,"traditions":143},{"name":144,"slug":145},"Catholic Political Thought","catholic-political-thought",{"relation_type":137,"traditions":147},{"name":148,"slug":149},"Social Contract Theory","social-contract-theory",{"relation_type":137,"traditions":151},{"name":152,"slug":153},"Classical Liberalism","classical-liberalism",{"relation_type":137,"traditions":155},{"name":156,"slug":157},"Conservatism","conservatism",{"relation_type":137,"traditions":159},{"name":160,"slug":161},"Black Political Thought","black-political-thought",{"relation_type":163,"traditions":164},"reacts_against",{"name":165,"slug":166},"Political Realism","political-realism",[168],{"title":169,"year":170,"year_display":171,"description":172,"kind":173,"sort_order":174},"Discourses Concerning Government",1698,"written c. 1681-83; published 1698","A paragraph-by-paragraph demolition of Filmer, used as the second witness at his own trial for treason.","work",1,[176,180,184,188,192,196,200,204,208,212,216,219,223,227,231,235,239,243,247,248,252,256,260,264,268,272,276,280,284,288,292,296,300,304,308,312,316,320,324,328,332,336],{"name":177,"slug":178,"birth_year":179},"Aristotle","aristotle",-384,{"name":181,"slug":182,"birth_year":183},"Marcus Tullius Cicero","cicero",-106,{"name":185,"slug":186,"birth_year":187},"Marcus Aurelius","marcus-aurelius",121,{"name":189,"slug":190,"birth_year":191},"John of Salisbury","john-of-salisbury",1120,{"name":193,"slug":194,"birth_year":195},"Averroes","averroes",1126,{"name":197,"slug":198,"birth_year":199},"Maimonides","maimonides",1138,{"name":201,"slug":202,"birth_year":203},"Thomas Aquinas","thomas-aquinas",1225,{"name":205,"slug":206,"birth_year":207},"John Duns Scotus","duns-scotus",1266,{"name":209,"slug":210,"birth_year":211},"Bartolus of Saxoferrato","bartolus-of-saxoferrato",1313,{"name":213,"slug":214,"birth_year":215},"Martin Luther","martin-luther",1483,{"name":217,"slug":218,"birth_year":215},"Francisco de Vitoria","francisco-de-vitoria",{"name":220,"slug":221,"birth_year":222},"John Calvin","john-calvin",1509,{"name":224,"slug":225,"birth_year":226},"Jean Bodin","jean-bodin",1530,{"name":228,"slug":229,"birth_year":230},"Francisco Suárez","francisco-suarez",1548,{"name":232,"slug":233,"birth_year":234},"Richard Hooker","richard-hooker",1554,{"name":236,"slug":237,"birth_year":238},"Hugo Grotius","hugo-grotius",1583,{"name":240,"slug":241,"birth_year":242},"Samuel Rutherford","samuel-rutherford",1600,{"name":244,"slug":245,"birth_year":246},"John Lilburne","john-lilburne",1614,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":249,"slug":250,"birth_year":251},"Samuel Pufendorf","samuel-pufendorf",1632,{"name":253,"slug":254,"birth_year":255},"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz","gottfried-wilhelm-leibniz",1646,{"name":257,"slug":258,"birth_year":259},"Christian Wolff","christian-wolff",1679,{"name":261,"slug":262,"birth_year":263},"Joseph de Maistre","joseph-de-maistre",1753,{"name":265,"slug":266,"birth_year":267},"Lysander Spooner","lysander-spooner",1808,{"name":269,"slug":270,"birth_year":271},"Abraham Lincoln","abraham-lincoln",1809,{"name":273,"slug":274,"birth_year":275},"Pope Leo XIII","pope-leo-xiii",1810,{"name":277,"slug":278,"birth_year":279},"Frederick Douglass","frederick-douglass",1818,{"name":281,"slug":282,"birth_year":283},"Harriet Tubman","harriet-tubman",1822,{"name":285,"slug":286,"birth_year":287},"Walter Rauschenbusch","walter-rauschenbusch",1861,{"name":289,"slug":290,"birth_year":291},"Mahatma Gandhi","mahatma-gandhi",1869,{"name":293,"slug":294,"birth_year":295},"Eleanor Roosevelt","eleanor-roosevelt",1884,{"name":297,"slug":298,"birth_year":299},"Dorothy Day","dorothy-day",1897,{"name":301,"slug":302,"birth_year":303},"C.S. Lewis","cs-lewis",1898,{"name":305,"slug":306,"birth_year":307},"Rosa Parks","rosa-parks",1913,{"name":309,"slug":310,"birth_year":311},"Russell Kirk","russell-kirk",1918,{"name":313,"slug":314,"birth_year":315},"César Chávez","cesar-chavez",1927,{"name":317,"slug":318,"birth_year":319},"Martin Luther King Jr.","martin-luther-king-jr",1929,{"name":321,"slug":322,"birth_year":323},"Robert George","robert-george",1955,{"name":325,"slug":326,"birth_year":327},"Gary Chartier","gary-chartier",1966,{"name":329,"slug":330,"birth_year":331},"Adrian Vermeule","adrian-vermeule",1968,{"name":333,"slug":334,"birth_year":335},"Ryan T. Anderson","ryan-t-anderson",1981,{"name":337,"slug":338,"birth_year":112},"Harry Jaffa","harry-jaffa",{"cards":340,"influenced":347,"shapedBy":351,"outbound":174},[341],{"slug":342,"name":343,"type":344,"strength":345,"description":346},"robert-filmer","Robert Filmer","opposed","foundational","The Discourses answer Patriarcha paragraph by paragraph; the manuscript was seized and used as the second witness at Sidney's trial, on the ground that to write is to act.",[348],{"slug":349,"name":350},"thomas-jefferson","Thomas Jefferson",[]]