[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-alexander-rustow":100,"$ftSqCns3vHU3uU-qdgJ72BUMQltDCMT5MU2laGkTVvw8":162},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":8,"name":9},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":11,"name":12},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":14,"name":15},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":17,"name":18},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":20,"name":21},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":23,"name":24},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":26,"name":27},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":29,"name":30},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":32,"name":33},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":35,"name":36},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":44,"name":45},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":47,"name":48},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":50,"name":51},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":53,"name":54},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":56,"name":57},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":62,"name":63},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":65,"name":66},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":71,"name":72},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":74,"name":75},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":77,"name":78},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"slug":98,"name":99},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":122,"homeOut":123,"homeIn":147,"works":148,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":149},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1274,"alexander-rustow","Alexander Rüstow","Coined \"neoliberalism\" for a liberalism with a strong state, and argued that markets need a moral and social frame to survive.","Rüstow named the position and supplied its sociology, and the name has since been taken over by people who mean the opposite of what he did.\n\nAt the Verein für Socialpolitik in 1932, with the Weimar Republic collapsing, he argued that the crisis of liberalism was the fault of laissez-faire: a state too weak to resist organized interests had allowed the economy to be carved up by cartels and subsidy-seekers, and the resulting discredit of the market was making authoritarian solutions attractive. What was needed was a \"new liberalism\" with a strong, independent state standing above interests and enforcing competition — and at the Colloque Walter Lippmann in Paris in 1938 this program acquired the label neoliberalism, then meaning almost precisely the reverse of its current use.\n\nHe spent the Nazi years in Istanbul, where a colony of exiled German academics taught, and returned to Heidelberg after the war.\n\nHis distinctive contribution beyond Eucken's economics is the argument that a market order cannot be self-sustaining because it does not produce the conditions it consumes. Vitalpolitik — a politics of life — was his term for policy attending to how people actually live: whether they own anything, whether work is dignified, whether communities and families are intact. Market competition among rootless, propertyless individuals produces the alienation on which mass movements feed, so the frame around the market must be social and moral as well as legal.\n\nWith Röpke he gave ordoliberalism its conservative wing, and the \"social\" half of Germany's social market economy owes as much to this argument as to Erhard's economics.",1885,1963,"German","academic","Modern",null,[],[115],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},508,"Ordoliberalism","ordoliberalism","That markets do not arise spontaneously and do not stay competitive on their own — the state must constitute and police the economic order without intervening in outcomes.",[],[124,129,133,138,142],{"relation_type":125,"traditions":126},"descends_from",{"name":127,"slug":128},"Classical Liberalism","classical-liberalism",{"relation_type":125,"traditions":130},{"name":131,"slug":132},"Austrian School Economics","austrian-school-economics",{"relation_type":134,"traditions":135},"reacts_against",{"name":136,"slug":137},"Fascism","fascism",{"relation_type":134,"traditions":139},{"name":140,"slug":141},"Keynesianism","keynesianism",{"relation_type":143,"traditions":144},"converges_with",{"name":145,"slug":146},"Christian Democracy","christian-democracy",[],[],[150,151,155,159],{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":152,"slug":153,"birth_year":154},"Walter Eucken","walter-eucken",1891,{"name":156,"slug":157,"birth_year":158},"Ludwig Erhard","ludwig-erhard",1897,{"name":160,"slug":161,"birth_year":112},"Wilhelm Röpke","wilhelm-ropke",{"cards":163,"influenced":164,"shapedBy":165,"outbound":166},[],[],[],0]