[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-adam-muller":100,"$fMMQkQdmQczQCDp_uMNKNlm2JHzD6uhWBCr44s8suiMQ":415},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":138,"homeIn":155,"works":156,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":170},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1212,"adam-muller","Adam Müller","The Romantic economist who attacked Adam Smith in the name of the state as a living whole, and gave German conservatism its case against the market.","Adam Müller converted to Catholicism, lectured to the nobility in Dresden, worked for Metternich and served in the Austrian consular service, and spent his career constructing a political economy meant to be the opposite of the British one in every particular.\n\nThe Elements of Statecraft of 1809 takes the attack directly to Adam Smith. Political economy, Müller argues, has made the fatal error of treating the state as an aggregate of individuals pursuing private advantage, and wealth as a stock of material things measurable in money. Against this he holds that the state is a living totality — not a machine or a contract but an organism, encompassing the whole life of a people over time, including the dead and the unborn, and that a citizen is constituted by membership rather than preceding it. Wealth accordingly includes what cannot be priced: institutions, laws, custom, faith, the accumulated skill of a nation, and what he called spiritual capital.\n\nFrom this he derives objections that recur in every later critique of market society. The division of labour, which Smith praised, splits people into fragments and cannot be evaluated by output alone. Money is not a neutral measure but a social relation. Free trade dissolves the particular character of a nation into a placeless commerce. The medieval estates, guilds and corporations, which liberal economics regarded as obstacles, performed a function of binding people into mutual obligation that nothing has replaced.\n\nHistorically this is one of the two great nineteenth-century German answers to British political economy — the other being List's national system — and it feeds directly into the historical school of economics, into Catholic corporatism, and into the whole conservative case that markets are corrosive of the ties they depend on. Its uglier descendants are also real: the vocabulary of organic nationhood and of a wealth that is spiritual rather than material was available to worse people later.\n\nHe is the clearest case of a general phenomenon this wave documents — the Romantic critique of Enlightenment abstraction being converted, within a generation, into a defence of the restored order that Metternich was administering.",1779,1829,"German","writer","19th Century",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},14,"Conservatism","conservatism","The political tradition that emphasizes inherited institutions, traditions, and customs as repositories of accumulated practical wisdom.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},13,"Political Economy","political-economy","The intellectual tradition that treats economics, politics, and social structure as a single integrated subject of inquiry.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},39,"Romantic Political Thought","romantic-political-thought","The tradition that emphasizes feeling, authenticity, community, and the natural goodness of human beings against the cold rationalism of Enlightenment liberalism.",[135],{"source_tradition_id":118,"target_tradition_id":130,"relation_type":136,"description":137},"descends_from","Coleridge and Adam Müller carried the Romantic case against abstract reason into conservative politics directly: a nation is a growth with a history and a life of its own, not a problem to be solved from first principles or an aggregate of contracting individuals.",[139,144,149,153],{"relation_type":140,"traditions":141},"reacts_against",{"name":142,"slug":143},"Enlightenment Philosophy","enlightenment-philosophy",{"relation_type":145,"traditions":146},"converges_with",{"name":147,"slug":148},"Communitarianism","communitarianism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":150},{"name":151,"slug":152},"Natural Law","natural-law",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":154},{"name":131,"slug":132},[],[157,164],{"title":158,"year":159,"year_display":160,"description":161,"kind":162,"sort_order":163},"Elements of Statecraft",1809,"1809","Against Smith: the state is a living totality including the dead and the unborn, and wealth includes what cannot be priced.","work",1,{"title":165,"year":166,"year_display":167,"description":168,"kind":162,"sort_order":169},"Attempt at a New Theory of Money",1816,"1816","Money as a social relation rather than a neutral measure, and credit as founded on trust between persons.",2,[171,175,179,183,187,191,195,198,202,205,206,210,214,218,222,226,229,233,237,241,245,249,253,256,260,264,267,271,275,279,283,287,291,295,298,302,306,310,314,318,322,326,330,334,338,342,346,350,354,358,362,366,370,373,376,379,382,385,388,391,394,397,400,403,406,409,412],{"name":172,"slug":173,"birth_year":174},"Edmund Burke","edmund-burke",1729,{"name":176,"slug":177,"birth_year":178},"Joseph de Maistre","joseph-de-maistre",1753,{"name":180,"slug":181,"birth_year":182},"Louis de Bonald","louis-de-bonald",1754,{"name":184,"slug":185,"birth_year":186},"William Wilberforce","william-wilberforce",1759,{"name":188,"slug":189,"birth_year":190},"François-René de Chateaubriand","francois-rene-de-chateaubriand",1768,{"name":192,"slug":193,"birth_year":194},"Samuel Taylor Coleridge","samuel-taylor-coleridge",1772,{"name":196,"slug":197,"birth_year":194},"Friedrich Schlegel","friedrich-schlegel",{"name":199,"slug":200,"birth_year":201},"Klemens von Metternich","klemens-von-metternich",1773,{"name":203,"slug":204,"birth_year":107},"Friedrich Carl von Savigny","friedrich-carl-von-savigny",{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":207,"slug":208,"birth_year":209},"John C. Calhoun","john-c-calhoun",1782,{"name":211,"slug":212,"birth_year":213},"Thomas Carlyle","thomas-carlyle",1795,{"name":215,"slug":216,"birth_year":217},"Benjamin Disraeli","benjamin-disraeli",1804,{"name":219,"slug":220,"birth_year":221},"Jefferson Davis","jefferson-davis",1808,{"name":223,"slug":224,"birth_year":225},"Otto von Bismarck","otto-von-bismarck",1815,{"name":227,"slug":228,"birth_year":108},"James Fitzjames Stephen","james-fitzjames-stephen",{"name":230,"slug":231,"birth_year":232},"Heinrich von Treitschke","heinrich-von-treitschke",1834,{"name":234,"slug":235,"birth_year":236},"Charles Maurras","charles-maurras",1868,{"name":238,"slug":239,"birth_year":240},"Calvin Coolidge","calvin-coolidge",1872,{"name":242,"slug":243,"birth_year":244},"Winston Churchill","winston-churchill",1874,{"name":246,"slug":247,"birth_year":248},"Robert Taft","robert-taft",1889,{"name":250,"slug":251,"birth_year":252},"Charles de Gaulle","charles-de-gaulle",1890,{"name":254,"slug":255,"birth_year":252},"Dwight D. Eisenhower","dwight-d-eisenhower",{"name":257,"slug":258,"birth_year":259},"Michael Oakeshott","michael-oakeshott",1901,{"name":261,"slug":262,"birth_year":263},"Barry Goldwater","barry-goldwater",1909,{"name":265,"slug":266,"birth_year":263},"Frank Meyer","frank-meyer",{"name":268,"slug":269,"birth_year":270},"Richard Weaver","richard-weaver",1910,{"name":272,"slug":273,"birth_year":274},"Ronald Reagan","ronald-reagan",1911,{"name":276,"slug":277,"birth_year":278},"Enoch Powell","enoch-powell",1912,{"name":280,"slug":281,"birth_year":282},"Russell Kirk","russell-kirk",1918,{"name":284,"slug":285,"birth_year":286},"Irving Kristol","irving-kristol",1920,{"name":288,"slug":289,"birth_year":290},"Phyllis Schlafly","phyllis-schlafly",1924,{"name":292,"slug":293,"birth_year":294},"Margaret Thatcher","margaret-thatcher",1925,{"name":296,"slug":297,"birth_year":294},"William F. Buckley Jr.","william-f-buckley-jr",{"name":299,"slug":300,"birth_year":301},"Patrick Buchanan","patrick-buchanan",1938,{"name":303,"slug":304,"birth_year":305},"George Will","george-will",1941,{"name":307,"slug":308,"birth_year":309},"Roger Scruton","roger-scruton",1944,{"name":311,"slug":312,"birth_year":313},"Mitt Romney","mitt-romney",1947,{"name":315,"slug":316,"birth_year":317},"Jonathan Sacks","jonathan-sacks",1948,{"name":319,"slug":320,"birth_year":321},"Larry Hogan","larry-hogan",1956,{"name":323,"slug":324,"birth_year":325},"Lisa Murkowski","lisa-murkowski",1957,{"name":327,"slug":328,"birth_year":329},"Albert Mohler","albert-mohler",1959,{"name":331,"slug":332,"birth_year":333},"Michael Lind","michael-lind",1962,{"name":335,"slug":336,"birth_year":337},"Andrew Sullivan","andrew-sullivan",1963,{"name":339,"slug":340,"birth_year":341},"Yoram Hazony","yoram-hazony",1964,{"name":343,"slug":344,"birth_year":345},"Rod Dreher","rod-dreher",1967,{"name":347,"slug":348,"birth_year":349},"Jonah Goldberg","jonah-goldberg",1969,{"name":351,"slug":352,"birth_year":353},"Marco Rubio","marco-rubio",1971,{"name":355,"slug":356,"birth_year":357},"Ramesh Ponnuru","ramesh-ponnuru",1974,{"name":359,"slug":360,"birth_year":361},"Yuval Levin","yuval-levin",1977,{"name":363,"slug":364,"birth_year":365},"Reihan Salam","reihan-salam",1979,{"name":367,"slug":368,"birth_year":369},"Ben Shapiro","ben-shapiro",1984,{"name":371,"slug":372,"birth_year":369},"Christopher Rufo","christopher-rufo",{"name":374,"slug":375,"birth_year":112},"Clyde Wilson","clyde-wilson",{"name":377,"slug":378,"birth_year":112},"Harry Jaffa","harry-jaffa",{"name":380,"slug":381,"birth_year":112},"Paul Gottfried","paul-gottfried",{"name":383,"slug":384,"birth_year":112},"Peter Viereck","peter-viereck",{"name":386,"slug":387,"birth_year":112},"Robert Nisbet","robert-nisbet",{"name":389,"slug":390,"birth_year":112},"Wilhelm Röpke","wilhelm-ropke",{"name":392,"slug":393,"birth_year":112},"Ryszard Legutko","ryszard-legutko",{"name":395,"slug":396,"birth_year":112},"Samuel Francis","samuel-francis",{"name":398,"slug":399,"birth_year":112},"James Q. Wilson","james-q-wilson",{"name":401,"slug":402,"birth_year":112},"Charles Krauthammer","charles-krauthammer",{"name":404,"slug":405,"birth_year":112},"Norman Podhoretz","norman-podhoretz",{"name":407,"slug":408,"birth_year":112},"Charlie Kirk","charlie-kirk",{"name":410,"slug":411,"birth_year":112},"Henry Olsen","henry-olsen",{"name":413,"slug":414,"birth_year":112},"Michael Brendan Dougherty","michael-brendan-dougherty",{"cards":416,"influenced":423,"shapedBy":424,"outbound":425},[417],{"slug":418,"name":419,"type":420,"strength":421,"description":422},"novalis","Novalis","influenced","significant","The picture of the Middle Ages as an organic unity destroyed by individualism is Novalis's; Müller systematised it into an economics.",[],[],0]