[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-adam-michnik":100,"$fz6170rq3ialk":123,"thinker-stance-adam-michnik":108},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":11,"name":12},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":14,"name":15},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":17,"name":18},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":29,"name":30},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":32,"name":33},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":35,"name":36},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":38,"name":39},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":41,"name":42},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":44,"name":45},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":50,"name":51},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":53,"name":54},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"slug":59,"name":60},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":62,"name":63},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":65,"name":66},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":68,"name":69},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":71,"name":72},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":74,"name":75},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":77,"name":78},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":80,"name":81},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":86,"name":87},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":89,"name":90},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":95,"name":96},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":98,"name":99},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":117,"traditionLinks":118,"homeOut":119,"homeIn":120,"works":121,"homeTradition":108,"siblings":122},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":108},1277,"adam-michnik","Adam Michnik","Adam Michnik is the Polish dissident and editor who helped found KOR, spent six years in Communist prisons, took part in the 1989 Round Table, and co-founded the newspaper Gazeta Wyborcza, which he still edits.","Adam Michnik was born in Warsaw on 17 October 1946. He was expelled from university in 1968, sentenced to three years in prison, and released in 1969, after which he worked as a welder. In 1976, after the authorities imprisoned striking workers from Ursus and Radom, he helped found the Workers' Defense Committee (KOR) in response. From 1977 he edited the underground publishing house NOWA, and he was active in the unofficial Flying University.\n\nHis essays set out the strategy of that opposition. In \"The New Evolutionism,\" first delivered as a lecture in Paris in 1976, he argued that the opposition should stop waiting for reform from above and press for gradual change by building an independent society. The Church, the Left and Dialogue made the case for cooperation between secular leftists and the Catholic Church. The approach put negotiation in the place of revolution, and he argued for a self-limiting revolution that renounced violence.\n\nInterned when martial law was declared on 13 December 1981, he was charged in 1982 and refused an offer of freedom in exchange for emigration. He was released in 1984, arrested again in 1985, and freed in July 1986, having spent about six years of his life in prison. From his cell in Gdańsk he wrote in 1985: \"Taught by history, we suspect that by using force to storm the Bastilles of old we shall unwittingly build new ones.\" The same letter said that \"democracy is rarely born from bloody upheavals\" and that \"Solidarity never had a vision of an ideal society. It wants to live and let live.\" Letters from Prison and Other Essays appeared in English in 1986.\n\nMichnik took part in the Round Table talks between the government and the opposition from 6 February to 5 April 1989. On 8 May 1989 the first issue of Gazeta Wyborcza, the newspaper he helped found, went on sale, and on 4 June he was elected to parliament. He did not run again in 1991. He was still the paper's editor-in-chief in March 2026, when the Warsaw School of Economics gave him a special rector's award for his work for free media. He supported Poland's entry into the European Union and has received the Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award and the 2022 Princess of Asturias Award.",1946,null,"Polish","writer","Contemporary","\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fadam-michnik.webp",[114],{"archetype_slug":65,"strength":115,"description":116},8,"Freedom is won by patient negotiation and an independent civil society, not by storming the palace and building a new tyranny in its place. You want pluralism, dialogue and room for people who disagree to live together, the Social Liberal case for democracy built from below.",[],[],[],[],[],[],{"cards":124,"influenced":125,"shapedBy":126,"outbound":127},[],[],[],0]