[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-adam-ferguson":100,"$fzu7fJQCdApp6ZcWX_tKS1J05kgnURk2WRjFT-aEC9vQ":221},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":140,"homeOut":146,"homeIn":154,"works":155,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":177},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1120,"adam-ferguson","Adam Ferguson","Chaplain to the Black Watch turned Edinburgh professor, whose Essay on the History of Civil Society gave the phrase its modern meaning and stated the principle of unintended order.","Adam Ferguson was a Gaelic speaker from Perthshire who took a divinity degree, became chaplain to the Black Watch, and by his own account was present at Fontenoy. He left the ministry in 1754, succeeded Hume as Keeper of the Advocates Library, and in 1759 took a chair at Edinburgh, moving to Moral Philosophy in 1764. The military years matter to the work: no other figure of the period writes about martial virtue, corruption and the costs of commercial refinement with the same first-hand unease.\n\nThe Essay on the History of Civil Society of 1767 is the book that carries his reputation, and it contains the sentence for which he is now most often cited: that nations stumble upon establishments which are indeed the result of human action, but not the execution of any human design. The formulation is the clearest eighteenth-century statement of unintended order, and Hayek took it as the founding text of the idea, running his account of spontaneous order back through Ferguson rather than through Smith. Ferguson's own use of it is less complacent than the later tradition allowed. He is describing something that happens to societies, not something to be trusted.\n\nFor his argument is that commercial society is corrosive of the very qualities that produced it. The division of labour, which he analyses at length and with more disquiet than Smith, raises productivity by narrowing the individual: a man confined to one operation may become expert and ignorant at once, and a society of such men has more wealth and less capacity for public life. Ferguson's civil society is not a sphere of voluntary association standing safely apart from the state, as the phrase later came to mean; it is a condition of political life that requires citizens capable of defending it, and can be lost through prosperity as surely as through conquest. Hence his insistence on militias against standing armies, and his interest in Rome, whose republic he wrote a history of in 1783, as the case study in how a free people can be undone by its own success.\n\nBecause he framed the problem this way, Ferguson has been claimed by traditions that have little else in common. Hayek read him as the theorist of unplanned coordination. Marx read the Essay closely and quoted his account of the division of labour in the first volume of Capital, taking it as evidence that the mutilation of the worker was noticed by the classical economists themselves. Hegel absorbed the German translation, and the concept of civil society as a distinct sphere entered German philosophy substantially through it.",1723,1816,"Scottish","philosopher","Enlightenment",null,[],[115,122,128,134],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},47,"Civil Society","civil-society","The intellectual tradition that emphasizes the importance of voluntary associations, local institutions, and intermediate groups standing between the individual and the state.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},162,"Political Sociology","political-sociology","The systematic study of the social foundations of political authority, institutions, and action.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},7,"Scottish Enlightenment","scottish-enlightenment","The 18th century intellectual movement centered in Edinburgh and Glasgow that produced some of the most important philosophical work of its era.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":135},{"id":136,"name":137,"slug":138,"short_description":139},57,"Spontaneous Order","spontaneous-order","The Hayekian framework for understanding how complex social institutions emerge from human action without anyone designing them.",[141,144],{"source_tradition_id":118,"target_tradition_id":130,"relation_type":142,"description":143},"descends_from","Adam Ferguson named the concept, and supplied the formulation that establishments arise which are the result of human action but not of human design.",{"source_tradition_id":136,"target_tradition_id":130,"relation_type":142,"description":145},"Ferguson's formulation is the tradition's classic statement; Menger and Hayek made it an analytical framework.",[147,149],{"relation_type":142,"traditions":148},{"name":131,"slug":132},{"relation_type":150,"traditions":151},"converges_with",{"name":152,"slug":153},"Communitarianism","communitarianism",[],[156,162,167,172],{"title":157,"year":158,"year_display":112,"description":159,"kind":160,"sort_order":161},"An Essay on the History of Civil Society",1767,"Gave the phrase its modern currency and stated the principle of unintended order — establishments that are the result of human action but not the execution of any human design.","work",1,{"title":163,"year":164,"year_display":112,"description":165,"kind":160,"sort_order":166},"Institutes of Moral Philosophy",1769,"The compendium of his Edinburgh lectures, and the route by which his account of society reached the German universities in translation.",2,{"title":168,"year":169,"year_display":112,"description":170,"kind":160,"sort_order":171},"The History of the Progress and Termination of the Roman Republic",1783,"Rome as the case study in his central worry: how a free people is undone by the wealth and refinement its own liberty produced.",3,{"title":173,"year":174,"year_display":112,"description":175,"kind":160,"sort_order":176},"Principles of Moral and Political Science",1792,"The mature system, restating the analysis of the division of labour and its cost to the citizen in a form he had spent twenty-five years refining.",4,[178,179,183,187,191,195,199,203,207,211,215,218],{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":180,"slug":181,"birth_year":182},"Alexis de Tocqueville","alexis-de-tocqueville",1805,{"name":184,"slug":185,"birth_year":186},"Abraham Kuyper","abraham-kuyper",1837,{"name":188,"slug":189,"birth_year":190},"Booker T. Washington","booker-t-washington",1856,{"name":192,"slug":193,"birth_year":194},"Jane Addams","jane-addams",1860,{"name":196,"slug":197,"birth_year":198},"Saul Alinsky","saul-alinsky",1909,{"name":200,"slug":201,"birth_year":202},"Elinor Ostrom","elinor-ostrom",1933,{"name":204,"slug":205,"birth_year":206},"Václav Havel","vaclav-havel",1936,{"name":208,"slug":209,"birth_year":210},"Robert Putnam","robert-putnam",1941,{"name":212,"slug":213,"birth_year":214},"Yuval Levin","yuval-levin",1977,{"name":216,"slug":217,"birth_year":112},"Robert Nisbet","robert-nisbet",{"name":219,"slug":220,"birth_year":112},"Peter Drucker","peter-drucker",{"cards":222,"influenced":223,"shapedBy":233,"outbound":171},[],[224,227,230],{"slug":225,"name":226},"dugald-stewart","Dugald Stewart",{"slug":228,"name":229},"friedrich-hayek","Friedrich Hayek",{"slug":231,"name":232},"karl-marx","Karl Marx",[]]